尾矿坝地质生态环境风险防护措施分析

尾矿坝的环境风险主要是发生溃坝后对生态环境、水环境造成的不良影响。发生溃坝事故的根源是尾矿坝存在隐患，主要原因有先天因素和后天因素两种，先天因素主要有：尾矿坝建设前期工作中，对自然条件了解不够、尾矿坝设计不当、尾矿坝施工质量不良等；后天因素主要是在尾矿坝生产运行中，由不具备专业知识的人员管理，未按设计要求或有关规定执行。因此，预防溃坝的环境风险防护措施，要从防洪设计、增强坝体稳定性及加强管理等方面进行。     

Conservation Strategies for Endemic Fish Species Threatened by the Three Gorges Dam

Abstract:   The largest damming project to date, the Three Gorges Dam has been built along the Yangtze River (China), the most species-rich river in the Palearctic region. Among 162 species of fish inhabiting the main channel of the upper Yangtze, 44 are endemic and are therefore under serious threat of global extinction from the dam. Accordingly, it is urgently necessary to develop strategies to minimize the impacts of the drastic environmental changes associated with the dam. We sought to identify potential reserves for the endemic species among the 17 tributaries in the upper Yangtze, based on presence/absence data for the 44 endemic species. Potential reserves for the endemic species were identified by characterizing the distribution patterns of endemic species with an adaptive learning algorithm called a "self-organizing map" (SOM). Using this method, we also predicted occurrence probabilities of species in potential reserves based on the distribution patterns of communities. Considering both SOM model results and actual knowledge of the biology of the considered species, our results suggested that 24 species may survive in the tributaries, 14 have an uncertain future, and 6 have a high probability of becoming extinct after dam filling.     

三峡工程运行对洞庭湖水环境及富营养化风险影响评述

洞庭湖的江湖关系受自然因素及人为因素影响,其江湖关系的变化影响洞庭湖水文、水质、水环境容量和营养状态.近年来洞庭湖的富营养化指数不断升高,但水环境变化及富营养化风险变化的原因错综复杂,如何区分三峡工程运行等人类活动和气候变化等自然因素对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响是洞庭湖江湖关系研究的难点.根据近年来洞庭湖江湖关系、水环境或富营养化水平的相关研究,对洞庭湖由于三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化,以及该变化对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响的研究进展进行系统梳理、分析、总结和评述.现阶段研究得出,三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化影响洞庭湖不同时段的水环境容量,在一定程度上改善了枯水期和泄水期洞庭湖水质;三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水体中的ρ（TP）有所降低,但洞庭湖湖体ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）仍相对较高,已能够满足藻类生长的需求,水华发生的制约条件是水体透明度和水流流速;江湖关系变化后洞庭湖富营养化风险增大的时段是蓄水期,其他时段富营养化风险减小;流速较低的东洞庭湖湖滩区、蓄水期流速降低明显的南洞庭湖滩区水华发生的风险增大,为水华发生的敏感区域.大型枢纽工程对通江湖泊污染物迁移转化影响的机理分析、对通江湖泊水环境影响的模拟及相关参数研究、对湖泊水环境及富营养化风险的长期影响等方面的研究还有待进一步完善.      

Variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals in rivers caused by water conservancy projects: Insights from water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the Yellow River

Water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir of the Yellow River was chosen as a case to investigate variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals caused by water conservancy projects in rivers. Water and suspended sediment (SPS) samples were collected at downstream sampling sites along the river during this period. Concentrations and speciation of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in water and SPS samples were analyzed, and their bioaccumulation was studied with Daphnia magna. This study indicated that the exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions of heavy metals in SPS decreased along the studied stretch, and the dissolved heavy metal concentrations increased along the river with 1.6–15 folds. This is because sediment resuspension increased along the river during water regulation, giving rise to the increase of heavy metal release from SPS. The dissolved Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SPS concentrations, and their increase along the river was greater than Cr. The body burdens of heavy metals in D. magna exposed into samples collected from the reservoir outlet were 1.3–3.0 times lower than those from downstream stations, suggesting that the heavy metal bioavailability increased during water regulation. This should be considered in the reservoir operation.     

Dam the news: Newspapers and the Oldman River Dam project in Alberta

The Oldman River Dam is a major water control structure built by the Government of Alberta to regulate the flow of the Oldman River. Completed in 1992, the dam was the subject of intensive media coverage in Alberta, Canada. Newspaper coverage of the dam story in two Alberta papers, the CalgaryHeraldand the EdmontonJournal, was analysed for the years between 1975 and 1992. This study links coverage with events that occurred in the case, and analyses the role of the media in the case. While the media played an important role in shaping public awareness of the dam project, their influence on Government policy was mixed. In the early years of the case (1975–1980), there is evidence that the provincial Government changed its plans in response to public protests documented in media such as theHeraldand theJournal. However, after 1987, the Government came to see the media as biased, and not representative of public opinion. Consequently, their influence on policy makers was negligible. Patterns in coverage of both papers, which included wild swings from year-to-year in the number, emphasis and tone of items, can be explained with reference to inherent characteristics of the media. These include: an inability on the part of the papers to consider positive and negative aspects of issues simultaneously for any length of time, and a consequent tendency to provideeithera positiveora negative stance; simplification of very complex issues in an attempt to create accessible, newsworthy stories; rapid shifts in the tone of coverage, as attention focused on different dimensions of the issue, rather than because of new information; a focus on conflict and other sensational aspects of stories; and a tendency towards a rapid loss of interest in a story once journalistic attention shifts elsewhere.     

Environmental threats to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region:Are mutagenic and genotoxic substances important?

<正>The Three Gorges Dam project(TGDP),with a total static investment of 95.46 billion RMB(US$10.97 billion)based on the 1993 price level,commenced in 1994 and was completed in 2012.The creation of the Three Gorges Reservoir following the completion of the TGDP had brought about significant changes to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR),stretching from the town of Sandouping in Hubei Province to the Jiangjin District of Chongqing Municipality.The TGDP has led to progressive urbanization and industrialization of the TGRR,accompanied by increased shipping activities,greater     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江干流主要污染物浓度变化趋势分析研究

利用三峡库区长江干流1998年-2010年水质监测数据,以1998年-2003年代表蓄水前,2004年-2010年代表蓄水后,对比分析蓄水前后主要污染物浓度变化情况,用Spearman秩相关系数法判断其变化趋势的显著性。分析可知,蓄水后氨氮、化学需氧量、总磷指标的平均浓度要低于蓄水前,氨氮、化学需氧量浓度变化幅度大于蓄水前,总磷浓度变化幅度小于蓄水前;Spearman秩相关系数计算结果表明,三峡水库常年回水区内的断面,污染物浓度多数呈下降趋势,但只有晒网坝和培石断面的氨氮指标浓度下降趋势具有显著意义。     

Early Vegetation Development on an Exposed Reservoir: Implications for Dam Removal

The 4-year drawdown of Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, for dam maintenance, provides a case study analog of vegetation response on sediment that might be exposed from removal of a tall dam. Early vegetation recovery on the exposed reservoir bottom was a combination of (1) vegetation colonization on bare, moist substrates typical of riparian zones and reservoir sediment of shallow dams and (2) a shift in moisture status from mesic to the xeric conditions associated with the pre-impoundment upland position of most of the drawdown zone. Plant communities changed rapidly during the first four years of exposure, but were still substantially different from the background upland plant community. Predictions from the recruitment box model about the locations of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood) seedlings relative to the water surface were qualitatively confirmed with respect to optimum locations. However, the extreme vertical range of water surface elevations produced cottonwood seed regeneration well outside the predicted limits of drawdown rate and height above late summer stage. The establishment and survival of cottonwood at high elevations and the differences between the upland plant community and the community that had developed after four years of exposure suggest that vegetation recovery following tall dam removal will follow a trajectory very different from a simple reversal of the response to dam construction, involving not only long time scales of establishment and growth of upland vegetation, but also possibly decades of persistence of legacy vegetation established during the reservoir to upland transition.     

AUBURN DAM: A CASE STUDY OF WATER POLICY AND ECONOMICS1

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a critical analysis of the Bureau of Reclamation's Auburn-Folsom South project in California. While this massive $1.5 billion project is temporarily halted for redesign for earthquake hazard, it is timely to examine its justification on economic grounds. The key finding is that several major benefit categories, irrigation and recreation, have been grossly overstated. In addition, the Bureau failed entirely to estimate the cost of use on the free-flowing American River, or a probability-weighted estimate of catastrophic loss. Revised estimates indicate that the project is not economically justified. In addition, the project has unattractive distributive effects. The implications of this case study for current revisions in U.S. water policy are explored. The Auburn study basically provides support for the U.S. Water Resource Council's draft manual of procedures for evaluating federal water resource projects.