贵州喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异探讨

喀斯特自然环境的垂直性导致了喀斯特地区的聚落存在垂直空间分布的现象.掌握喀斯特地貌区聚落的垂直分异规律对区域城镇规划和社会主义新农村建设有重要意义.本研究以喀斯特面积分布最广的贵州省为研究区域,选取三个具代表性的典型地貌类型区,运用GIS相关软件和分析方法,通过对等高线数据的空间转换和与居民点数据的叠置等技术得到各个研究区的居民点在不同高程、坡度和坡向上的分布情况,依此分析喀斯特高原盆地区、高原山地区、高原峡谷区聚落的垂直分布特点.研究结果表明,三种地貌类型区的聚落垂直分布有一定的特点和规律可循,且不同喀斯特地貌类型下的聚落有不同的垂直空间分布特点;喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异与区域喀斯特地貌密切相关,表现在地貌垂直空间差异越大,聚落垂直空间差异越大;并且,垂直性加剧了喀斯特聚落空间差异的复杂性.最后得出结论,垂直分异是喀斯特聚落空间分布的主要特点,喀斯特地貌是形成喀斯特地区聚落垂直分异规律的前提条件.     

Interregional comparison of karst disturbance: West-central Florida and southeast Italy

The karst disturbance index (KDI) consists of 31 environmental indicators contained within the five broad categories: geomorphology, hydrology, atmosphere, biota, and cultural. The purpose of this research is to apply the KDI to two distinct karst areas, west Florida, USA, and Apulia, Italy. Through its application, the utility of the index can be validated and other important comparisons can be made, such as differences in the karst legislations implemented in each region and the effect of time exposure to human occupation to each karst terrain. Humans have intensively impacted the karst of southeast Italy for thousands of years compared to only decades in west-central Florida. However, west-central Florida's higher population density allows the region to reach disturbance levels comparable to those reached over a longer period in Apulia. Similarly, Italian karst is more diverse than the karst found in west-central Florida, creating an opportunity to test all the KDI indicators. Overall, major disturbances for southeast Italy karst include quarrying, stone clearing, and the dumping of refuse into caves, while west-central Florida suffers most from the infilling of sinkholes, soil compaction, changes in the water table, and vegetation removal. The application of the KDI allows a benchmark of disturbance to be established and later revisited to determine the changing state of human impact for a region. The highlighting of certain indicators that recorded high levels of disturbance also allows regional planners to allocate resources in a more refined manner.     

潮田河典型河流断面水化学日变化及光合作用固定HCO_3~-碳量估算

为了解岩溶地表河明流段水化学日变化和探讨岩溶碳汇稳定性,以潮田河上幸坡鸟岭段河流为研究对象,用自动检测仪器每隔15 min对水体中温度、p H值、电导率(Sp)、溶解氧(DO)、叶绿素(Chl)等参数进行测定,人工每小时检测水中HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)。通过3 d的昼夜监测,数据显示温度,p H,DO,Chl表现出白天升高晚上降低(Sp,HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)相反)的昼夜动态特征。结果表明,藻类碳汇效应明显,3 d昼夜监测数据计算得出潮田河上幸坡至鸟岭段光合作用固定HCO_3~-碳量为2.012 t C,增强了碳汇的稳定性,促进了岩溶地质碳汇。浮游藻类是岩溶碳汇的影响因素之一。     

Management issues in a Tasmanian tourist cave: potential microclimatic impacts of cave modifications

Caves can be difficult to navigate and often require physical modification to allow easy access for visitors. Single entrance caves double the access impact of each visitor. Visitors in tourist caves have direct physical effects such as the introduction of concrete and steel structures; transport of mud, dust, and nutrients; installation of lights and the exhalation of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the air. Indirect physical effects include alteration of the microclimate, both through physical modifications that change the ventilation regime and through the presence of visitors leading to changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 within the cave environment. Anthropomorphic changes to cave physical environments to aid access or to reduce backtracking can have adverse effects on the internal microclimate of cave systems with subsequent changes to the cave environment affecting the quality of decorations and cave art and the diversity of cave fauna. Although often stated that caves operate at or near a constant temperature, closer examination indicates that cave temperatures are neither static nor constant. The degree of variation depends largely on the structure and physical characteristics of the cave. Air temperature and humidity gradients between the inside and outside cave environment can result in air density differences, which create airflow, which will in turn affect the cave microclimate. As part of the development of a management framework for King Solomons Cave, Tasmania, a study of the microclimate was carried out on behalf of Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. Analysis of the variables showed significant differences in air temperature within each site and between sites. These differences range from 4 degrees C variation at one site to 0 degrees C at another site. The data were used to model potential airflow between the cave and the external environment. Results indicate that part of the cave is dominated by airflow between the chimney and the cave entrance leading to microclimatic fluctuations, while stable climatic conditions occur at the end of the cave. Future management strategies that propose a passage from the chamber to the surface via the current end zone would create a potential for airflow induced microclimatic change, leading to a change in both the temperature and moisture regimes, necessitating the construction of an airtight double door system.     

土地利用及退耕对喀斯特山区土壤活性有机碳的影响

以西南喀斯特山区几种典型土地利用方式为对象,研究了土地利用及退耕对全土、团聚体活性有机碳及其恢复能力的影响.结果表明,随土壤深度的增加,土壤活性有机碳含量及其离散程度呈下降趋势,其中0~10 cm土壤活性有机碳含量与10~20 cm和20~30 cm两个剖面层次达极显著(P<0.01)差异水平;活性有机碳含量在0~10 cm范围内以<0.25 mm团聚体粒径最高,然而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm活性有机碳在各粒径中的分布并不明显;不同土地利用方式下,水田中无论全土还是团聚体中活性有机碳均表现出较高水平,灌从次之,而以退耕3 a草丛最低.组内-组间主成分分析表明,土地利用方式与土壤活性有机碳的累积特征表现为水田>灌丛>退耕15 a草丛≈旱地>退耕3 a草丛,其中退耕15 a草丛在0~10 cm深度下较旱地增加了20.3%,且达到灌丛土壤活性有机碳的80%,表明喀斯特山区土地退耕初期土壤有机碳恢复速度相对缓慢,而随退耕时间的推移,土壤碳汇效应逐步显现.     

浅析喀斯特生态系统健康影响因子及评价指标——以毕节地区为例

从喀斯特生态系统以及喀斯特生态系统健康评价的概念出发,以毕节地区为例,分析了影响喀斯特生态系统健康的各类因子,如水土流失及石漠化、水资源、生物多样性、地貌、人类活动强度与方式、人-社会-生态健康可持续性等,利用因子载荷分析方法,从生态系统的结构功能、可持续利用能力、动态变化等三个方面筛选出26个因子构建了喀斯特生态系统健康评价的指标体系。     

黔桂喀斯特区域河流水体离子对底栖硅藻群落的影响

为了建立喀斯特地区河流底栖硅藻对水环境变化的响应模型,定量研究了中国西南喀斯特地区黔桂珠江水系典型岩溶水体中的离子、电导率与底栖硅藻群落分布的关系.研究发现,电导率的范围为20-2070 μS·cm-1,并且ca2+与(HCO-3+CO2-/3)是岩溶水体的主要优势离子.对离子、电导率与硅藻群落结构进行主成分分析(PCA)、对应分析(CA)、加权平均分析(WA)和相关性分析,结果表明,水体离子(HCO-3+CO2-/3、SO2-/4、NO3-、Cl-、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)与电导率环境变量都能用于解释底栖硅藻的群落分布特征;而ca2+、(HCO3-+CO2-/3)和Na+浓度是影响物种组成的显著因素.通过研究确定了以上8种水体离子和电导率的相应指示种值(最适值Optima),以及这些离子环境下的硅藻分布特征.该结果为中国西南喀斯特地区硅藻种群生态学、个体生态学以及水质评价的研究提供了理论依据.     

喀斯特土壤水分变化研究

土壤含水率的高低与生态变化的关系密切,尤其是在岩溶地区。土壤含水率对生态的影响主要表现在两个方面,其一是含水率的高低可以间接影响岩溶地区的水土流失,对生态的保护有很重要作用;其次是对岩溶地区生态的恢复有重要意义。本文从土壤含水率的实测着手,探索了土壤含水率与植被类型、土壤厚度等方面的关系, 揭示了喀斯特土壤含水率的发育特征与时段变化规律,从而对岩溶地区的生态环境保护提出了建设性意见。     

金佛山岩溶生态环境特征及可持续发展策略研究

重庆金佛山岩溶生态环境是在独特的地质、气候、水文、土壤、生物等自然条件和人为条件的交互作用下形成。本文分析了金佛山岩溶生态环境的基本特征和存在的典型岩溶环境问题，以既有理论成果为依据，对今后金佛山的保护和开发提出了可持续发展策略。     

喀斯特地区典型风化剖面重金属超标程度及元素迁移特征研究

我国西南喀斯特地区是著名的重金属元素地球化学异常区。除了人类活动所导致的土壤污染问题以外,地质背景很可能是造成土壤重金属超标的重要因素。为了弄清岩石风化和成土过程中重金属的释放规律及其环境效应,本次研究以贵州省罗甸县典型的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩风化剖面为载体,采用实地调查、地球化学测试分析等手段,结合质量平衡系数的计算方法对研究剖面的重金属元素超标程度及元素迁移规律展开调查。研究结果表明:碳酸盐岩比泥质岩具有更高的重金属元素释放潜能,其风化和成土过程向环境中释放重金属的量与风化壳的发育程度有关。研究区石灰土剖面重金属元素超标程度严重,且以Cd和As的超标程度最大。地带性黄壤中Cr、Ni元素的富集很可能与剖面发育过程中铁氧化物的沉淀富集有关。综合分析认为岩性不同所导致的风化速率的差异很可能是造成碳酸盐岩和泥质岩剖面重金属淋失程度差异的主要原因。而且,重金属元素在风化剖面中的迁移规律受元素自身地球化学性质、母岩类型和风化壳发育程度等多重因素控制。