长江流域点源氮磷营养盐的排放、模型及预测

通过分析1985～2003年长江流域向河口/东海排放的点源营养盐的时空变化规律,建立长江点源营养盐排放模型,并预测2020年长江流域点源氮磷排放情况.模型基于人口密度、国内生产总值、人均氮磷排放量、以及污水处理率等因子,在99%的置信度上,氮磷模型的方差解释量分别达到92.3%及93.2%.基于此模型预测2020年长江流域点源氮排放量将达到(95 9±6 6)×104t,点源磷排放量达到(12.3±0.6)×104t.此外,研究结果进一步表明,点源营养盐通量仍然是长江输送营养盐总量的主要部分,是影响河口/近海水质的主要因素.     

MoS_2/Bi_2S_3异质结光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以五水硝酸铋为铋源、钼酸钠为钼源、硫脲为硫源,采用简单的一步水热法合成了MoS_2/Bi_2S_3异质结光催化剂,采用XRD,SEM,TEM,BET,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征。表征结果显示,MoS_2纳米片在Bi_2S_3微棒表面生长,增加了比表面积和活性位点,并形成异质结构,促进了光生载流子的迁移,抑制了电子-空穴对的再复合。实验结果表明:钼酸钠与五水硝酸铋的质量比为1∶2时制备的复合光催化剂性能最好,反应180min时对亚甲基蓝的去除率可达96.4%,明显高于MoS_2和Bi_2S_3,且具有较高的稳定性;该催化剂对罗丹明B、甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚的去除率分别为97.1%、93.1%和90.5%,表明其对污染物具有普适性。     

Evaluation of Rio Grande Management Alternatives Using a Surface‐Water/Ground‐Water Model1

Abstract: Previous investigations observed significant seepage losses from the Rio Grande to the shallow aquifer between Socorro and San Antonio, New Mexico. High‐resolution telescopic modeling was used along a 10‐km reach of the Rio Grande and associated drains and canals to evaluate several management alternatives aimed at improving river conveyance efficiency. Observed data consisted of ground‐water and surface‐water elevations, seepage rates along the Rio Grande and associated canals and drains, and borehole geology. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting hydraulic conductivity and specific storage until the output matched observed data. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the system was responsive to changes in hydrogeologic properties, especially when such alterations increased vertical connectivity between layers. The calibrated model predicted that removal of the low flow conveyance channel, a major channel draining the valley, would not only decrease river seepage by 67%, but also decrease total flow through the reach by 75%. The decreased flow through the reach would result in increased water logging and an average increase in ground‐water elevations of 1.21 meter. Simulations of the system with reduced riparian evapotranspiration rates or a relocated river channel also predicted decreased river seepage, but to a much lesser degree.     

Non-conventional gas phase remediation of volatile halogenated compounds by dehydrated bacteria

Traditional biological removal processes are limited by the low solubility of halogenated compounds in aqueous media. A new technology appears very suitable for the remediation of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Solid/gas bio-catalysis applied in VOC remediation can transform halogenated compounds directly in the gas phase using dehydrated cells as a bio-catalyst.     

对羟基联苯在黄河兰州段底泥上的吸附行为

为研究典型有机污染物在黄河兰州段的吸附规律及影响因素,以黄河兰州段的底泥为供试样品,选择对羟基联苯(phydroxy biphenyl,PHB)为代表性有机污染物,采用批量实验法研究了底泥对PHB的吸附动力学和热力学特征及其影响因素.结果表明,黄河兰州段底泥对PHB吸附动力学的最优模型为准二级动力学模型,吸附热力学过程更符合单分子层吸附的Langmuir等温吸附模型(R20.974),在25~45℃温度范围内,PHB在黄河兰州段底泥上的吸附平均自由能(E)在0.913~1.00 k J·mol~(-1)之间,吸附过程中,ΔGθ和ΔHθ均小于0,ΔSθ均大于0,表明黄河兰州段底泥对PHB的吸附过程主要是物理吸附,属于自发放热过程且体系的混乱度是增加的.分析黄河兰州段底泥对PHB吸附影响因素的结果表明,粒径越小,黄河底泥对PHB的吸附量越大;PHB的初始质量浓度越高,黄河底泥对PHB的吸附量越大;当p H在4.23~7.00之间时,吸附量随pH升高而缓慢下降,当pH7.00时,吸附量随pH升高急剧下降,且在pH=10.3附近,吸附量几乎为零;体系中离子强度增大,PHB吸附量增大,但当离子强度到一定值时,由于竞争吸附作用,会抑制底泥对PHB的吸附,造成吸附量的下降.     

哈尔滨松北区城市湿地的生态安全分析

以哈尔滨松北区城市湿地为研究对象,选择10个指标,采用因子分析法和聚类分析法,研究了松花江发生污染事故前后城市湿地的生态安全状况.结果表明:发生污染前哈尔滨松北区城市湿地东区的生态安全程度最高,发生污染后中区的生态安全程度最低;西区的抗干扰能力较差.各主因子中以水因子的下降幅度最大,说明水污染直接影响了哈尔滨松北区城市湿地的生态安全.最后有针对性地提出了哈尔滨松北区城市湿地的生态安全对策.      

淮河沉积物中重金属的测定和污染评价

采用X-射线荧光法分析了淮河沉积物中重金属的污染状况,并根据沉积学原理和环境化学行为特点,应用地积累指数法对淮河沉积物中重金属污染水平进行了评价研究.结果表明,淮河沉积物中有一定的重金属污染,其中Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni的污染水平较高.      

Supporting Diverse Data Providers in the Open Water Data Initiative: Communicating Water Data Quality and Fitness of Use

Shared, trusted, timely data are essential elements for the cooperation needed to optimize economic, ecologic, and public safety concerns related to water. The Open Water Data Initiative (OWDI) will provide a fully scalable platform that can support a wide variety of data from many diverse providers. Many of these will be larger, well‐established, and trusted agencies with a history of providing well‐documented, standardized, and archive‐ready products. However, some potential partners may be smaller, distributed, and relatively unknown or untested as data providers. The data these partners will provide are valuable and can be used to fill in many data gaps, but can also be variable in quality or supplied in nonstandardized formats. They may also reflect the smaller partners' variable budgets and missions, be intermittent, or of unknown provenance. A challenge for the OWDI will be to convey the quality and the contextual “fitness” of data from providers other than the most trusted brands. This article reviews past and current methods for documenting data quality. Three case studies are provided that describe processes and pathways for effective data‐sharing and publication initiatives. They also illustrate how partners may work together to find a metadata reporting threshold that encourages participation while maintaining high data integrity. And lastly, potential governance is proposed that may assist smaller partners with short‐ and long‐term participation in the OWDI.     

塔里木河下游区域植被时空变化

为了对比生态输水工程实施前后塔里木河下游植被变化,分析植被对生态输水的时空响应,基于1986-2017年研究区上方无云的22期Landsat NDVI数据,辅以波动分析、趋势分析,探索研究区植被的时空变化特征,并对其驱动因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）空间上,植被的分布与水资源的分布密切相关,主要沿河道和积水区域分布。（2）1986-2000年,NDVI呈现缓慢下降趋势,2000-2017年NDVI总体呈现波动增加趋势;植被对生态输水有一定的滞后性,且与输水量密切相关。（3）研究区NDVI时间序列的方差介于0.0077~0.1957间,存在明显的空间差异,其波动的大小与植被种类密切相关。（4）1986-2000年,植被的NDVI空间趋势以减小为主,并主要发生在英苏和老英苏附近;2000-2017年,植被的NDVI空间趋势以增加为主,且主要发生在沿河道区域和喀尔达依东侧。     

间歇曝气SBR与传统SBR处理养猪沼液的比较研究

采用间歇曝气序批式反应器(intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor,IASBR)和传统序批式反应器(SBR)处理养猪沼液,研究进水中化学需氧量(COD)与总氮(TN)比值(COD/TN)和运行负荷对污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在进水COD/TN约为2.2、氨氮负荷为(0.12±0.04)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别为97.2%±4.4%、81.5%±7.5%、88.5%±2.4%,优于SBR的78.3%±19.6%、79.8%±4.9%、86.6%±3.2%;当氨氮负荷提高至(0.18±0.02)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率略有降低,分别为92.4%±7.3%、77.5%±5.3%、86.4%±2.2%,但仍然优于SBR中的相应去除率78.1%±15.4%、61.8%±11.2%、81.8%±5.6%.在氨氮负荷为(0.20±0.01)kg·(m3·d)-1下,提高进水COD/TN至约3.0,则IASBR和SBR的污染物去除能力较进水COD/TN为2.2时有显著提升,IASBR中氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别达到99.6%±0.2%、91.5%±2.9%和92.0%±0.9%,仍然高于SBR的90.2%±1.4%、83.0%±1.9%、90.2%±0.5%.总体而言,相较SBR,IASBR对TN和氨氮的去除更高效、耐冲击负荷能力更强,因此对养猪沼液等低碳氮比的废水更为适用.