温州市九山外河污染治理技术集成应用与治理成效

阐述了浙江省温州市九山外河污染治理技术的集成应用及治理成效。九山外河的综合整治工程采用了外源调水、底泥生态疏浚、河岸带阻控、人工曝气复氧和生态浮岛等多项技术,整治后的九山外河水体黑臭治理初见成效,水质由原来的劣Ⅴ类水逐步改善为Ⅴ类或Ⅳ类水,水体生境和生物多样性都有了一定的提高;将治理后对河流的实际感受与预期期望进行比较,69．2％的居民认为河流治理工程得分在60分以上,对河流治理总体比较满意。最后,对九山外河治理后管理存在的问题进行了分析并提出了建议与对策。     

温榆河昌平段沉积物重金属影响因素分析及污染评价

温榆河是北京市重要的防洪排涝、拦污河道,每年接纳大量污水,面临严重的水环境问题. 为了解温榆河昌平段表层沉积物重金属含量、影响因素及污染状况,在温榆河昌平段采集沉积物样品28个,测定pH、w(OM)(OM有机质)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)等沉积物理化性状及w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr). 通过相关性分析和因子分析,研究沉积物中pH、w(OM)、w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)与4种重金属质量分数的相关关系,并运用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染状况进行评价. 结果表明:沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)和w(Cr)平均值分别为19.35、89.90、25.80、53.74mg/kg,变异系数分别为29.76%、43.39%、37.54%、20.90%,其中w(Zn)的空间变异程度最大. 沉积物中w(OM)与w(Cu)和w(Zn)的R(相关系数)分别为0.515(P<0.01)、0.599(P<0.01),w(TN)与w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Pb)的R分别为0.463(P<0.05)、0.713(P<0.01)和0.654(P<0.01).因子分析也显示,w(OM)、w(TN)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Pb)在第1因子上具有较高的载荷系数. 地累积指数评价结果表明,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu,Cr为轻度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu未达到污染. 潜在生态风险程度分析表明,各重金属潜在生态风险程度及综合生态风险程度均为轻微.      

珠江三角洲印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单及关键活性组分

根据珠江三角洲地区印刷行业活动数据和不锈钢罐采样-气质联用技术,获取了印刷工艺VOCs成分谱,建立了该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单,研究了不同工艺排放的臭氧生成潜势. 结果表明:该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs排放总量达8591.26t,深圳、东莞、佛山排放量较大.凹印是印刷行业主要VOCs排放工艺,排放量达5762.01t;平印和凸印次之,分别为1954.01和37.82t.不同工艺排放的VOCs组分差异较大,平印工艺排放的VOCs成分中异丙醇含量最多(306.58t),其次为正庚烷(115.87t);苯和甲苯是凸印工艺排放的VOCs成分中含量最大的2种化合物,分别达5.58和4.83t;乙酸乙酯是凹印工艺排放的VOCs成分中的首要化合物,达2482.85t.凸印工艺排放的VOCs单位浓度臭氧潜势最大,达1.30μg/m3,平印和凹印较小,分别为0.89和0.72μg/m3,各工艺排放的含氧有机物对臭氧生成潜势的贡献均为最大.      

长江三角洲城市群霾的演变特征及影响因素研究

重建了长江三角洲1961~2007年霾气候数据序列,分析了霾日数的时空变化特征及城乡差异,并探讨了大气污染以及地面和近地层气象条件对霾发生的影响.结果表明,利用湿度—能见度指数参与霾气候序列重建的方法具有一定的合理性和科学性.过去47a间,长江三角洲霾日数总体上呈逐渐增多的趋势,并且四季霾日数都增加.空间上,整个长江三角洲霾日数基本上都呈增加趋势,并以杭州和南京增加最多.近30a来长江三角洲大城市、中等城市和城镇乡村站间霾日数变化具有明显差异.地面气象要素中风速和最长连续无降水日数与霾发生具有较好的对应关系.在霾天气过程和对应的清洁过程,近地层温度、位势高度和风场也都具有明显的差异.长江三角洲霾变化趋势与我国京津冀、珠江三角洲等地的变化一致.区域大气污染物排放量的增加,尤其是细颗粒物的增加是霾出现频率增加的可能原因,全球气候变化以及区域城市化造成的气象条件改变也有利于霾日的增加.     

闽江流域跨界生态补偿量化研究

采用基于污染物通量的流域跨界生态补偿量化的计算方法,并以闽江流域为例,根据2010年闽江流域的情况,估算了流域内的跨行政区(县)水污染生态补偿量.结果表明,生态补偿量反映闽江流域跨行政区(县)水污染特点,上游地区基本上均是接受补偿者,龙岩、三明、宁德、泉州等4地市获得的补偿额分别为1658.52,8067.74,2857.91,877.84万元,中游地区南平市需要支付生态补偿额为8413.82万元,下游地区福州市需要支付生态补偿额为5048.19万元.针对测算结果提出了相应的对策措施:建立多元化的补偿资金筹措渠道,实现政府主导与市场机制相结合的生态补偿模式;在资金补偿的同时加以项目补偿或技术补偿.     

Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a tidal freshwater marsh

The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum Marsh contains one of the last remaining tidal freshwater marsh communities along the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River Estuary. The marsh receives a significant load of nutrients and sediment-associated contaminants and is hypothesised to act as an effective trap for these chemicals. The goal of this study was to quantify the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at various trophic levels at two sites within Tinicum Marsh and assess the factors important in determining their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. For both PCBs and PBDEs, lipid variation for all species was a large factor in determining contaminant body burden. Also, concentrations in biota increased with increasing trophic level as determined by nitrogen isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N values) at the downstream site within Tinicum Marsh. This trend was less apparent at the upstream site and may be due to differences in feeding behaviours among species between the two sites and/or differences in carbon and nitrogen sources and recycling. These data are valuable in assisting bioaccumulation/trophic transfer studies and serve as benchmarks to which future PCB and PBDE concentrations will be compared.     

Spatial distribution of copper in relation to recreational boating in a California shallow-water basin

The overall effect of the number of boats on the copper (Cu) levels in the water column and sediment, along with their spatial variability within Shelter Island Yacht Basin (SIYB), San Diego Bay, California was examined. We identified a horizontal gradient of increasing dissolved Cu and Cu in sediment from outside to the head of SIYB which was coincident with the increasing number of boats. Spatial models of Cu distribution in water and sediment indicated the presence of ‘hotspots’ of Cu concentration. From outside to the head of SIYB, dissolved Cu ranged from 1.3 μ g L^?1 to 14.6 μ g L^?1 in surface water, and 2.0 μ g L^?1 to 10.2 μ g L^?1 in bottom water. Cu in sediment exceeded the Effect Range Low of 34 mg kg^?1 (i.e. where adverse effects to fauna may occur), with a peak concentration of 442 mg kg^?1 at the head of the basin. Free Cu⁺⁺ in surface water was several orders of magnitude higher than in sediment porewater. High-resolution data of Cu species together with probability maps presented in this paper will allow managers to easily visualise and localise areas of impaired quality and to prioritise which areas should be targeted to improve Cu-related conditions.     

道路干扰对澜沧江流域景观格局的影响

道路交通在促进人类社会经济发展的同时,也给生态环境带来了诸多影响。研究道路交通的干扰强度、空间格局及其影响,对保护自然环境、维持生态系统健康意义重大。研究基于道路等级、道路所处的环境特征等因素构建道路干扰指数,定量评价了澜沧江流域道路网络的干扰强度,系统分析了流域道路干扰的空间格局特征及其对流域景观的影响。结果表明,澜沧江流域道路网络干扰程度存在明显的区域分异,中游和下游地区明显大于上游地区。流域道路干扰域为边界复杂的不规则多边形,呈现出以离散的强干扰区域为中心,干扰强度向外围逐渐减弱的空间格局。对比不同等级道路干扰域内的景观格局及其变化特征发现,耕地和建设用地等代表人类活动的景观集中分布于道路强干扰区域内,并且强干扰区域内景观组分的变化幅度远大于低干扰区域。从上述分析结果可以看出,道路对其沿线景观格局的变化具有很强的驱动作用,流域道路发展应避开生态环境敏感区域。     

Carbon sequestration of black locust forests in the Yellow River Delta region,China

The Yellow River Delta region in China is a land area of 1,200,000 ha with rich natural resources. Adverse environmental conditions, such as low rainfall and high salinity, promote the dominance of black locust trees for afforestation. With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, this forest and others throughout the world have become valued for their ability to sequester and store carbon. Forests store carbon in aboveground biomass (i.e. trees), belowground biomass (i.e. roots), soils and standing litter crop (i.e. forest floor and coarse woody debris). There are well-developed methods to sample forest ecosystems, including tree inventories that are used to quantify carbon in aboveground tree biomass. Such inventories are used to estimate the types of roundwood products removed from the forest during harvesting. Based on standard plot inventories and stem analyses, carbon sequestration estimates of trees were 222.41 t ha^?1 for the Yellow River Delta region accounted for 67.12% of the whole forest. Similarly, carbon storage by herbaceous matter and soil was 0.50 and 50.34 t ha^?1, respectively. The results suggest that carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem was performed by most of the forest, which plays an increasingly important role in sequestering carbon as the stand grows.     

珠江口水、沉积物及生物体As含量分布特征及生态风险评价

于2008年2、5、8及11月对珠江口进行了水、沉积物和生物体As含量的调查,分析其分布特征以及进行生态评价。结果表明：珠江口水体中As含量平均值为2.88μg·L-1,符合一类海水水质标准;其中,11月份显著高于其它3个月份(P <0.05)。全年珠江口水体八个河口在地域分布上As平均含量由高到低依次为：虎门、鸡啼门、磨刀门、崖门、洪沥门、蕉门、横门、虎跳门。表层沉积物As含量平均值为38.73 mg·kg-1,沉积物中As含量均超过海洋沉积物质量一类标准,但均未超三类标准。结果显示,表层沉积物横门含量最高,为(70.5±2.0) mg·kg-1,显著高于其它7个口门(P <0.05),而其它7个口门差异不显著。各口门含量从大到小依次为横门、洪沥门、鸡啼门、虎门、崖门、磨刀门、虎跳门、蕉门。表层沉积物地质累积指数评价结果与潜在生态风险系数评价结果一致,横门为中等污染水平,其余站点均为低污染水平。采集代表性生物样品,其中11种鱼类As平均含量为0.587 mg·kg-1,部分受检鱼类超出水产品中有毒有害物质限量要求,超标率为37.8%,肉食性鱼类平均含量要略低于杂食性鱼类,但不同食性和不同生活水层的鱼类As含量差异不显著(P >0.05)。受检生物样品虾的含量为0.314 mg·kg-1,符合水产品中有毒有害物质限量要求。与历年比较发现珠江口水、沉积物和生物体中As含量有上升的趋势,与其它河口相比较发现珠江口As污染在对比的河口和海湾中受污染程度较高。