Optimization of mining by application of the equality principle

This paper shows how the equality principle can be applied to traditional mining activities as a theoretical economic basis for “environmentally friendly” waste management of natural resources. A cost structure is proposed to generally improve the exploitation of the natural resources and save energy due to the promotion of corporate economic incentives to a more cost-effective waste management related to these resources. The methodology proposed is based on the cost-benefit analysis concept. It employs the previously introduced equality principle and the model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE) featuring shadow prices so as to optimize the mining slope and the ore-concentration when utilizing the resources of the rock and provide management with a one digit indicator of the performance of a certain mining activity to get in just once glance an instant comprehension of their mine's overall performance. This approach simultaneously improves the profitability, the technology used and the environment. A case study presents the practical application of the proposed theory on a Swedish copper mine. It is concluded that the presented methodology improves the exploitation of natural resources in mainly technological, economical and environmental terms. The methods that are developed are regarded as being suitable information support tools for decision-making in waste management and optimization of the exploitation of natural resources in the corporate and public context.     

一株富集铯的微生物及其在植物修复中的应用

利用一株分离自重金属污染土壤的伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia）,研究其对放射性核素铯的耐性、富集,并在水培籽粒苋（Amaranthus cruentus L）并接种伯克氏菌,研究接种伯克氏菌对籽粒苋生长和吸收铯的影响。结果表明：伯克氏菌D54在铯浓度达到50 mmol.L-1的培养基中能正常生长,含铯1 mmol.L-1的100 mL液体培养基中接种1%活化菌液培养3 d后,收集到0.173 7 g干重菌体,菌体铯的质量分数达到45 mg.g-1,培养基中铯的去除率达58.77%。接种伯克氏菌促进籽粒苋生长,在Cs浓度分别为0、200、500、1 000μmol.L-1条件下,籽粒苋地上部的生物量分别增加30.91%,9.29%,42.71%,74.50%,根的干物质量分别增加36.01%、62.89%、55.17%、63.50%。籽粒苋的根、茎、叶中铯含量分别增加27.94%~43.58%、14.9~34.51%、6.31%~11.48%。接种伯克氏菌籽粒苋的耐受指数（TI%）增加11%~28%,生物富集率（BR）增加5%~9%。     

生物炭添加对湿地植物菖蒲根系通气组织和根系泌氧的影响

在处理污水的潜流人工湿地中,湿地植物容易受到缺氧胁迫.尽管菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)是一类对缺氧条件具有显著抵抗能力的湿地植物,但菖蒲的生理响应并不能完全消除湿地长期缺氧带来的胁迫.生物炭添加能够缓解菖蒲体内超氧化物和过氧化物的积累,显著降低膜脂过氧化程度,但生物炭对缓解缺氧胁迫的具体机制尚不清晰.因此,本研究通过在温室内构建5种不同的生物炭湿地,采用植物生态学分析方法,将植物根系通气组织、根孔隙度和根系泌氧相结合,研究菖蒲根部组织对生物炭添加的响应机制.结果表明,通过在传统潜流人工湿地中添加生物炭,有利于菖蒲形成根系通气组织,增大根孔隙度,生物炭投加量与根孔隙度具有显著正相关关系.在湿地中添加生物炭将利于O_2通过通气组织传输至地下部分,并以根系泌氧(radial oxygen loss,ROL)的形式扩散至根际,显著提高根系泌氧量.与其它光强相比,在3 000μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)条件下,菖蒲泌氧能力较强,生物炭投加比例对植物ROL的影响不显著.     

四川乌头和附子气候生态适宜性研究

本文在分析乌头和附子的生态要求及其主要分布产区的气候环境的基础上,根据模糊集合论(Fuzzy sets)分别建立乌头和附子5个生态气候要素的隶属函数模型,以50个市(县)气象台(站)为代表,综合评价了四川省乌头和附子产地气候条件的生态适宜性;根据综合评判结果,分别将四川划分为3个乌头不同适宜区和4个附子不同适宜区。     

有机氯农药在海河干流水体和菹草中的浓度分布

于2008年3月29日—5月25日对海河干流水体和菹草中的有机氯农药(OCPs)——六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的分布进行了采样调查. 结果表明,水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)分别为3.95～20.15和6.88～35.23 ng/L,平均值为11.11和15.34 ng/L;菹草中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为2.17～7.82和1.40～22.80 ng/g,平均值分别为4.49和7.79 ng/g,菹草生长旺盛期的w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)最高,其变化主要受水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)的影响;菹草生长旺盛期HCHs和DDTs的PCF值最高;菹草中HCHs的主要成分为γ-HCH,而水体中为β-HCH;DDT是水体和菹草中DDTs的主要成分,但菹草中DDT的相对含量明显低于水体,与水体相比,DDT在菹草中能进一步被降解,且以好氧降解为主.      

Abnormal Cranial Variation in the Sable (Martes zibellinaL.) and the State of Environment

An abnormal cranial variation in the sable (Martes zibellinaL.) from the extreme Russian Northeast was studied. In the populations formed as a result of reacclimation, the proportion of animals with morphological cranial anomalies proved to be significantly higher than in the parental populations (from which the animals for reintroduction were taken). Probable factors responsible for this effect are discussed.     

Phenes of Woody Plants: Identification,Scaling, and Use in Population Studies (An Example of Pinus sylvestrisL.)

The methods of identification and scaling of phenes of forest plants are described. The phene identification consists of five stages. Specific features of studies at each stage are shown using identification of the phenes of seed color, cone color, and seed scale structure in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) as examples. The method of phene scaling is based on the comparison of phene frequencies in a bog and in adjacent upland populations of pine. At the boundary between the bog and dry land, the frequencies of population-level phenes change, whereas those of superpopulation-level phenes remain unchanged.     

Bridging the gap between ecophysiological and genetic knowledge to assess the adaptive potential of European beech

In this study we aimed to combine knowledge of the ecophysiology and genetics of European beech to assess the potential of this species to adapt to environmental change. Therefore, we performed field and experimental studies on the genetic and ecophysiological functioning of beech. This information was integrated through a coupled genetic–ecophysiological model for individual trees that was parameterized with information derived from our own studies or from the literature. Using the model, we evaluated the adaptive response of beech stands in two ways: firstly, through sensitivity analyses (of initial genetic diversity, pollen dispersal distance, heritability of selected phenotypic traits, and forest management, representing disturbances) and secondly, through the evaluation of the responses of phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity to four management regimes applied to 10 study plots distributed over Western Europe. The model results indicate that the interval between recruitment events strongly affects the rate of adaptive response, because selection is most severe during the early stages of forest development. Forest management regimes largely determine recruitment intervals and thereby the potential for adaptive responses. Forest management regimes also determine the number of mother trees that contribute to the next generation and thereby the genetic variation that is maintained. Consequently, undisturbed forests maintain the largest amount of genetic variation, as recruitment intervals approach the longevity of trees and many mother trees contribute to the next generation. However, undisturbed forests have the slowest adaptive response, for the same reasons.Gene flow through pollen dispersal may compensate for the loss in genetic diversity brought about by selection. The sensitivity analysis showed that the total genetic diversity of a 2 ha stand is not affected by gene flow if the pollen distance distribution is varied from highly left-skewed to almost flat. However, a stand with a prevailing short-distance gene flow has a more pronounced spatial genetic structure than stands with equal short- and long-distance gene flows. The build-up of a spatial genetic structure is also strongly determined by the recruitment interval. Overall, the modelling results indicate that European beech has high adaptive potential to environmental change if recruitment intervals are short and many mother trees contribute to the next generation.The findings have two implications for modelling studies on the impacts of climate change on forests. Firstly: it cannot be taken for granted that parameter values remain constant over a time horizon of even a few generations – this is particularly important for threshold values subject to strong selection, like budburst, frost hardiness, drought tolerance, as used in species area models. Secondly: forest management should be taken into account in future assessments, as management affects the rate of adaptive response and thereby the response on trees and forests to environmental change, and because few forests are unmanaged. We conclude that a coupled ecophysiological and quantitative genetic tree model is a useful tool for such studies.     

Leaf accumulation of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Quercus ilex L

Quercus ilex L. leaves were collected four times in one year at six urban sites and one remote area in order to determine trace element and PAH accumulation through concomitant analyses of unwashed and water-washed leaves. Both unwashed and washed leaves showed the highest amounts of trace elements and PAHs in the urban area. Unwashed leaves showed greater differences between urban and remote areas and among the urban sites than washed leaves for trace element and PAH concentrations. Water-washing resulted in a significant (P<0.001) decrease in leaf concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, V and Zn. By contrast, Cd and total PAH concentrations showed no differences between unwashed and washed leaves.     

家蚕斑纹限性品种SC_1的RAPD差异DNA片段的克隆及其酶切图谱分析

利用RAPD技术对家蚕限性普斑品种SC1的雌雄体分别进行PCR扩增通过120种引物的筛选,得到1个雌体特异的RAPDDNA片段将该片段克隆到pUC19质粒,井进行了限制性内切酶图谱分析.