水生植物复合系统处理富营养化水体的初步研究

根据水生植物不同的生活型,设计建造了由漂浮、浮叶植物组成的水生植物复合生态系统,并在洋河水库进行了动态模拟试验,从群落水平研究了多种水生植物镶嵌组合的复合系统对富营养化水体的净化效果.结果表明:富营养化水体在流经该系统之后水中的TN、TP、NH4 -N、NO3--N、PO43--P被有效地去除,对藻类也有很好抑制、截留作用,使水质和水体透明度得到改善.通过实践,水力停留时间3d时对水体有较好的净化效果.     

RIVER PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS AND RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL1

ABSTRACT: Sediments from the Pompton and Passaic Rivers at Two Bridges were analyzed for potentially available phosphorus fractions and total phosphorus (TP). Water samples from the same sites were analyzed for dissolved phosphorus, TP, suspended solids (SS), and volatile SS. Significant negative correlations between river TP concentrations and flow were observed. However, storm flows resulted in increases in TP and SS concentrations and flux (loadings). Most of the increase in river P loading at high flow was in the dissolved fraction, suggesting that the sediments may be a large source of dissolved P. Concentrations of potentially available P in the sediments ranged from 140 to 1310 times the TP concentration in the overlying water. According to a modified Vollenweider model, current P concentrations in the Pompton and Passaic Rivers will result in excessive P loading in the Wanaque Reservoir if even small volumes of river water are pumped to the reservoir through the recently completed Wanaque South pipeline. Reductions in sewage treatment plant effluent P concentrations alone will not produce sufficient decreases in river phosphorus concentrations to avoid this predicted overloading and eutrophication.     

PRE-WARNING OF THE UPLAND ECOSYSTEM IN THE THREE-GORGE RESERVOIR AREA

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泰安市黄前水库富营养化问题的探讨

随着泰安市社会经济的稳步发展,泰安市区饮用水水源地--黄前水库的供水任务更加繁重,但水体质量不容乐观。为了满足泰安市经济近远期发展对水质水量的要求,必须对饮用水水源地进行保护。     

三峡库区土地利用变化的特征与趋势

利用1995年和2000年TM卫星影像资料和马尔柯夫链的理论，分析了三峡库区土地利用变化的特点和演变趋势，结果表明，在未来的5-10年内，三峡库区土地利用非农化速率减少，但占用农地面积仍然较大，农业用地结构不合理。     

密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

文章对密云水库周边及上游地区（北京境内）的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主，丰亡牛河上游为污染最严重地区，清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟-崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。这些地区土壤重金属污染的主要原因是由于金属矿山不合理堆放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

三峡库区小流域农户氮循环和排放特征

中国农业生产是以农户为单位进行的,农户氮素利用及平衡对农业生产和农村环境有非常重要的影响.本研究选择三峡库区秭归县张家冲小流域,对农户农田氮肥施用量、农户购买的饲料与食物、人畜粪便排放等进行了调查,并对农户氮素循环特征进行了分析.结果表明,根据该流域农户氮素流动的特点,可将其分为养殖型农户、柑橘种植户、茶叶种植户、蔬菜种植户、传统种植户5种类型;其氮素负荷大小顺序为养殖型农户蔬菜种植户柑橘种植户茶叶种植户≈传统种植户,以氮计分别为(363±129)、(355±127)、(345±107)、(152±60)和(151±73)kg.(hm2.a)-1;不同农户农田氮素循环分析表明,单位面积农田氮盈余变化在(102±68)~(303±134)kg.(hm2.a)-1之间,大小顺序为蔬菜种植户柑橘种植户茶叶种植户养殖型农户≈传统种植户,分别为(303±134)、(262±100)、(111±46)、(102±68)和(103±67)kg.(hm2.a)-1;在农户氮负荷中,居民生活排放的氮占28%,农田氮盈余占72%,说明农田是主要的氮污染源,生活污染也是不可忽视的.该地区的养殖型农户、蔬菜种植户和柑橘种植户对水体质量威胁较大,是氮素污染重点防治对象;实地调查农户生产与生活的方法能清晰地明确农业生态系统中氮循环的不同环节和估算循环流量,有利于揭示区域氮素循环特征.     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

前缘增生组合式滑坡群的发育特征与形成机理

通过采用系统论理念和构造体系观点来研究滑坡群,指出前缘增生组合式滑坡群是最新研究认识的3种基本型式滑坡群中较简单、较常见、较重要的类型;并介绍了该类型滑坡群的平面组合、构图特点和发育特征,分析、探讨了该类型滑坡群的形成条件、形成机理及演化过程;揭晓了增生滑坡为什么会出现在老滑坡或古滑坡的某一特定部位这一滑坡群研究的核心或关键问题,认为解决这一问题就可以把握增生滑体出现在什么部位的规律,从而可为较大尺度滑坡灾害的风险评估和预测、预警分析提供必要的依据。     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学研究

在室内模拟条件下,通过消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学实验,研究了三峡入库河流大宁河消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学特征,并分析了样品组成特征对释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)一级动力学方程可以很好的拟合大宁河回水区消落带土壤样品氨氮释放动力学特征,前120分钟为快反应,氨氮释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大氨氮释放量;(2)土壤样品释放动力学特征与总氮、总磷呈现较好的相关性,与有机质、样品氧化物组成、颗粒组成理化指标相关性较弱;(3)土壤样品释放动力学特征与可转化态氮呈现极显著正相关关系,与非可转化态氮的相关性较弱,这说明样品中氨氮的释放量主要受其可转化态氮含量控制。研究结果可为三峡库区支流大宁河回水区富营养化治理提供参考和理论依据。