抚仙湖窑泥沟人工湿地工程运行效益分析

抚仙湖窑泥沟湿地是云南高原湖泊第一块人工湿地,建于2001年,至今已整整运行10a了。为了保障工程的效能,对工程结构的完好性及其运转状态进行调查研究,结果表明,人工湿地对入湖污染负荷能进行有效去除,但由于管理维护跟不上,湿地出现老化、淤塞、过水能力减弱及净化效率降低,需对湿地进行清淤输通,修复湿地的正常运行效能。     

南四湖流域种植业面源污染氮磷源解析研究

利用田间径流池采集南四湖流域种植业农田地表径流样品,分析其不同形态的氮磷数据,汇总数据得到南四湖流域种植业的氮磷源成分谱;并在南四湖区11条主要入湖河流入湖口处采集水样,测定氮磷含量,利用主成分分析法对南四湖流域种植业面源污染氮磷来源进行了源解析.结果表明,南四湖流域氮磷种植业面源污染来源有3种,3个主成分累积方差贡献率为95.275%.第一类污染途径为降雨淋溶小麦-玉米轮作农田产生的地表径流对河流产生的污染,这种污染的范围广且贡献率较大为50.220%;第二类污染途径为降雨淋溶大蒜-玉米轮作农田产生的地表径流流入南四湖入湖河流引起的,影响面也较广,贡献率为25.119%;第三类污染途径为自然降雨时,小麦-水稻轮作农田产生的地表径流对河流的污染,贡献率为19.937%.     

土地利用结构与空间格局对鄱阳湖流域中小河流水质的影响

为揭示土地利用结构与空间格局对中小河流水质的影响机制,于2022年1月与2022年7月在鄱阳湖流域3条中小河流的25个采样点收集水样.采用Bioenv分析、Mantel检验与方差分解量化不同空间尺度的土地利用结构与空间格局对水质的影响,使用广义加性模型拟合水质与土地利用结构与空间格局的关系,广义线性模型构建分段回归模型,并基于逐步递归法计算阈值.结果表明：①土地利用结构与空间格局对河流水质的平均解释率在丰水期（59.72%）大于枯水期（48.95%）;子流域与河岸100 m是土地利用结构与空间格局影响中小河流水质的关键尺度,平均解释率分别为54.70%和64.88%;土地利用结构与空间格局的共同解释部分是驱动河流水质变化的重要因素,占总解释率的66.90%.②土地利用结构对中小河流水质的影响具有显著的阈值效应,当子流域尺度下建设用地占比低于2%、耕地占比低于8%和林地占比高于82%,河岸缓冲区尺度下建设用地占比低于12%、耕地占比低于41%和林地占比高于49%时,均能明显改善水质.③空间格局对中小河流水质的影响也具有阈值效应但弱于土地利用结构,当子流域尺度下斑块形状值大于28.77和斑块多样性大于0.69,河岸缓冲区尺度下斑块形状值大于2.99和斑块多样性大于1.02时,均能改善水质.以上结果表明,加强对子流域与河岸100 m尺度的土地利用的管理,合理规划土地利用结构与空间格局能够有效地防止水质恶化.     

草型湖区沉积物营养盐分布与污染评价

为阐明太湖草型湖区表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布及其污染特征,测定了胥口湾60个表层沉积物样中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和有机质(OM)的含量,分析其污染水平与来源.结果表明,胥口湾表层沉积物中TN、TP、AN、AP和OM平均含量分别为1 027. 5、423. 2、46. 4、15. 3和17 096. 6 mg·kg-1,且在空间分布上均呈现出胥口湾东北部湖区高于其他湖区的特点.胥口湾表层沉积物中TN和TP单项评价指数(STN和STP)平均值分别为1. 75和0. 91,表明TN和TP分别处于中度和轻度污染状态;综合污染指数(FF)的平均值为1. 57,整体上处于中度污染状态.在有机指数和有机氮评价中,整体上处于清洁状态. C/N比值表明胥口湾表层沉积物中生物沉积的有机质主要来源为无纤维束植物和浮游植物.相关性分析表明,胥口湾表层沉积物中有机质与总氮具有同源性,但与总磷不具有同源性.     

Nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential, transformation pattern and algal utilization strategies jointly drove cyanobacterial growth and their succession

In order to better understand the contribution of nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential and transformation pattern to cyanobacterial growth and succession, 7 sampling sites in Lake Chaohu with different bloom degree were studied every two months from February to November 2018. The carbon, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forms or fractions in surface, interstitial water and sediments as well as extracellular enzymatic activities, P sorption, specific microbial abundance and community composition in sediments were analyzed. P regeneration pathway was dominated by iron-bound P desorption and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria solubilization in severe-bloom and slight-bloom area respectively, which both resulted in high soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) accumulation in interstitial water. However, in severe-bloom area, higher P release potential caused the strong P release and algal growth, compared to slight-bloom area. In spring, P limitation and N selective assimilation of Dolichospermum facilitated nitrate accumulation in surface water, which provided enough N source for the initiation of Microcystis bloom. In summer, the accumulated organic N in Dolichospermum cells during its bloom was re-mineralized as ammonium to replenish N source for the sustainable development of Microcystis bloom. Furthermore, SRP continuous release led to the replacement of Dolichospermum by Microcystis with the advantage of P quick utilization, transport and storage. Taken together, the succession from Dolichospermum to Microcystis was due to both the different forms of N and P in water column mediated by different regeneration and transformation pathways as well as release potential, and algal N and P utilization strategies.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

扑草净水环境质量基准及风险评估

选择田间使用量大的扑草净为研究对象,分析了扑草净在南四湖流域地表水中的空间分布,推导了扑草净的水质基准,通过定性与定量风险评估方法评估了扑草净的生态风险.结果表明,南四湖流域28个地表水采样点中扑草净浓度为0~667.7ng/L,平均值为69.2ng/L.搜集筛选了15种水生生物慢性毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布法,推导出扑草净的水质基准为82.4ng/L.使用商值法评估南四湖流域生态风险,结果表明,扑草净生态风险最高区域位于NS09,主要来源是地表径流与雨水冲刷.采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险,发现南四湖水体中扑草净对1%~5%的水生生物产生危害的概率为11.2%~6.4%.总体来看,南四湖流域扑草净的生态环境风险处于较低水平.     

湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术在浅水湖泊的应用

基于研发的湖底陷阱捕获内污染技术,在巢湖进行应用研究.结果表明,湖底陷阱可有效收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷等湖底沉积物中内源污染物.不同位置和季节湖底陷阱收集的沉积物厚度差异显著,西巢湖收集的污染物含量最多,湖心区域收集污染物量最少;夏秋季节淤积较快,冬春季节淤积略慢.单位面积（1m²）湖底陷阱年收集叶绿素a、有机质、总氮和总磷可分别达2.37~15.28g、8.96~21.82kg、0.78~1.88kg和0.30~0.93kg.综合考虑湖流场、风浪场、湖底污染物分布及厚度,巢湖湖体内沿湖流汇集区可布置6条11~33km的湖底陷阱,并在7个主要入河口布置湖底陷阱,同时可利用现有航道,进一步加深后形成湖底陷阱,可为巢湖内源控制提供新的治理手段和管理方法.     

三峡库区汉丰湖水体氮磷及化学计量比季节变化特征

在分析2017年3月至2018年2月汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐质量浓度季节性变化的基础上,利用氮磷化学计量摩尔比评估水体氮磷养分限制状态.结果表明：湖体TN、DN和NO₃^--N平均质量浓度分别为1.60、1.25和0.91 mg·L^-1,三者季节变化过程相似,均呈现出冬季最高、夏季最低的特点.NO₃^--N对水体TN贡献较大,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N质量浓度维持在较低水平且变化平稳.TP、DP和PO₄^3--P平均质量浓度分别为0.13、0.09和0.06 mg·L^-1,TP和DP质量浓度变化相似,呈春夏季升高,秋冬季先降低再升高的趋势,而PO₄^3--P质量浓度则波动降低.TN/TP范围在11.07~56.02之间,均值为29.23,TN/TP呈季节性波动变化,最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季.汉丰湖水体多数时间适宜藻类生长繁殖,少数时间处于N限制状态,极少数时间处于P限制状态.降雨径流、肥料使用、污水排放和水生生物活动等因素皆会影响TN/TP的季节变化,同时根据汉丰湖水质特征提出保护建议.     

兴凯湖有色可溶性有机物来源与组成特征—中国境内特大型界湖

运用光谱吸收与三维荧光－平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAFAC)分析了兴凯湖有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱、荧光光谱特征以及荧光组分与主要水质参数的相关性,以探究兴凯湖CDOM来源组成特征.结果表明:平行因子分析法解析CDOM三维荧光图谱,得到陆源类腐殖质C1、微生物作用类腐殖质C2、类酪氨酸C3和类色氨酸C4.兴凯湖中陆源类腐殖质C1能较好反演DOC、TN浓度变化,且在富营养化更强的小兴凯湖中反演效果更好.吸收系数a₂₅₄、荧光峰积分比值I_C:I_T、光谱斜率S_275-295、DOC与C1-C2、C4在兴凯湖中线性拟合程度均较好,与C1的相关性最好,这意味着陆源类腐殖质是兴凯湖CDOM库的主要贡献者,入湖河流输入是兴凯湖CDOM的重要来源之一.小兴凯湖DOC、a₂₅₄均极显著高于大兴凯湖,说明小兴凯湖的CDOM丰度要高于大兴凯湖.小兴凯湖CDOM的I_C:I_T、C1-C2和C4的值均极显著大于大兴凯湖(P<0.001),小兴凯湖S_275-295与光谱斜率比值S_R均极显著小于大兴凯湖,小兴凯湖PC1得分均值显著高于大兴凯湖品,意味着相较于大兴凯湖而言,小兴凯湖CDOM陆源输入信号更强烈,腐殖质化程度更高,亦即河流输入、农业面源污染导致小兴凯湖CDOM腐殖质化程度升高,且这一部分CDOM分子量较大,应加强兴凯湖流域中生态渔业、生态农业、生态旅游、农田退水等河流污染源排放的控制管理.