改性壳聚糖混凝去除太湖藻研究

对太湖不同区域的水使用改性壳聚糖做混凝除藻实验。对于泵取水,投加量0.7 mg/L时,藻去除率可达89.6%,对于岸边高浓藻水,投加量4 mg/L,0.5 h内藻去除率即可达为85.77%。改性壳聚糖复配黏土可解决岸边高浓藻絮体的上浮问题,黏土投加0.8 g/L絮体可完全下沉,除藻率fe从85.77%提升到94.35%。但复配黏土造成UV254去除率下降。改性壳聚糖复配0.3 g/L PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰投加或复配0.4 g/L改性沸石时,絮体也可完全下沉,除藻率都可提升到98%以上。同时,两种药剂都加强了系统对有机物的去除,UV254去除率从56.94%提升到72%以上。     

生物塘处理富营养化巢湖水中试

利用生物塘对富营养化巢湖水进行中试,结果表明:浮萍、黑藻、狐尾藻和芦苇对总氮、总磷均有较好处理效果,其中黑藻对总氮、总磷的处理效果最好,芦苇对叶绿素的处理效果最好。7月份是生物塘处理污染物的最佳时期,4种水生生物的综合生物塘对总氮、总磷和叶绿素的最高去除率分别为92.0%、89.2%、97.8%。     

太湖大浦口河口区沉积物中铁、磷的地球化学特征

对太湖西部大浦口河口区沉积物中的w(Fe2+),w(TP)和w(Fe-P)及间隙水中ρ(Fe2+)和ρ(PO₄3-)的空间及垂向分布特征进行了测定分析. 结果表明,上覆水中,河道的各项指标均大于湖区及河口,而在河道与河口沉积物中w(TP)基本相似,均小于湖区. 在河口沉积物垂向剖面上,存在约5,9及11 cm 的3个明显变化阶段. w(Fe-P)占w(TP)的16.7%～47.8%,与ρ(TP)的相关性较好(R0.526),但与其他指标的相关性并不明显. Fe-P是重要的磷形态,厌氧状态下有向间隙水解析扩散的潜力,并形成Fe3+与Fe2+间的转换. 间隙水中ρ(PO₄3-)与w(Fe-P)/w(TP)和ρ(Fe2+)存在非对应性,但与ρ(Fe)呈显著相关(R0.853).河口区PO₄3-的迁移转化受多种因素的作用,复杂的水动力活动和地球化学作用是主要控制因素.      

洞庭湖垸外灾害风险区湖洲高效生态农业模式研究

为了协调好防灾减灾与湖洲农业综合开发的关系,运用灾害学和循环经济学以及农业、林业、牧业、水产、生态、系统工程等科学交叉的理论与方法,将灾害防控技术体系、农业生产方式与高效生态农业结构的优化机理融为一体,设计了湖草洲畜、禽、鱼一体化开发的灭螺治鼠防洪技术集成模式,荻芦洲荻、芦、林、牧、农一体化开发的灭螺治鼠抗洪技术集成模式。并分别在典型区域进行了示范,试验表明：与传统农业生方式相比,生态、经济、社会三大效益十分显著。同时致力于湖洲农业产业化,认为在建设好优势农产品生产基地的基础上,大力发展与之相配套的产品加工等商品服务体系和市场体系,促进荻、芦、林、牧等产品精、深加工,延伸产业链,提高产品附加值,从整体上提高湖洲高效生态农业模式的综合效益,使之成为湖区农业经济的新增长点。     

A physical-microbial food web coupled model to study the evolution of the ecological functioning of a new reservoir after its flooding (Sep,Puy de Dôme)

The aim of this paper is to understand the temporal changes in planktonic populations and to highlight some important factors that control the biological functioning and evolution of a recently flooded reservoir, the Sep reservoir (Massif Central, France). To achieve this objective, a 1D vertical coupled physical–biological model was used and developed. It couples relevant physical processes (dispersion, advection and convection) with biological processes taking into account the complexity of interactions within the microbial food web, including the conventional grazing food chain with a microbial loop.     

Sequential polyandry affords post-mating sexual selection in the mouths of cichlid females

Females mating with multiple males may obtain direct benefits such as nuptial gifts or paternal care or indirect (i.e. genetic) benefits resulting in higher-quality offspring. While direct benefits are easily identified, it is difficult to determine indirect benefits, and it is hence largely unclear how they are obtained. This is particularly true in species with external fertilisation, where females seem to have little control over fertilisation. In cichlids, most maternal mouthbrooders show sequential multiple mating, where females visit several males for egg deposition. Genetic data revealed that multiple paternity of eggs and young in the mouth of females is common, but behavioural data of female spawning decisions are missing. Here, we test four hypotheses to explain female multiple mating in the maternally mouthbrooding cichlid, Ophthalmotilapia ventralis: (1) fertilisation insurance, (2) genetic bet-hedging, (3) female choice and (4) ‘sperm shopping’ (i.e. induction of sperm competition resulting in sexually selected sperm). Detailed observations of spawning behaviour in the field combined with histological analyses of the male reproductive organs suggest that fertilisation insurance, genetic bet-hedging and pre-mating female choice are unlikely to explain the sequential female multiple mating in O. ventralis. Instead, cryptic female choice by sperm shopping, i.e. post-mating sexual selection, is most compatible with our data and might be the major ultimate cause of multiple mating in females of this species and of mouthbrooding cichlids with maternal care in general. Our study provides new insight into ultimate causes of sequential polyandry in species with external fertilisation, as hitherto post-mating sexual selection by cryptic female choice has been assumed to be incompatible with external fertilisation mechanisms except by components of the ovarian fluid.     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.     

滴水湖水系中氮的污染特征及其影响因子

为探讨滴水湖水系各形态氮的污染特征、不同水体间的各形态氮对比特征、滴水湖水体各形态氮与环境因子的关系, 2013年春季,在上海市最大人工湖水系采集表层水样品28个、沉积物样品22个,测定各形态氮及总氮含量,并通过模拟实验着重探讨滴水湖水体盐度对沉积物向上覆水体释放NH3-N、NO3--N的影响.结果显示,滴水湖水体各氮污染水平较高,表层水体氮的空间差异性相对沉积物中氮的差异性较小.滴水湖水体无机氮以NO3--N为主,沉积物中氮以有机氮为主.周围水系含氮量较高,其中引入水源氮是滴水湖水体中氮的主要来源之一.盐度模拟实验显示,随着上覆水体盐度的增大,底泥中NO3--N的释放量会增加并趋于平衡,NH3-N的释放量则有降低并趋于稳定的趋势.     

环太湖主要河流氮素组成特征及来源

以2012年太湖20条主要环湖河流中氮素的逐月调查数据为依据,探讨了河水中氮素的含量、形态组成和季节性分布规律,旨在为进一步实施入湖河流小流域的污染治理提供依据. 结果表明,太湖20条环湖河流的ρ(TN)平均值为2.53~6.31 mg/L,鉴于太湖水体中ρ(TN)多年来居高难下,水质类别主要由ρ(TN)决定,因此按ρ(TN)年均值,将环湖20条河流分为重度、中度和轻度污染3类. DIN(溶解态无机氮)是氮素的主要存在形式,ρ(DIN)平均占ρ(TN)的72%以上. 其中,重度和中度污染河流中ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)各占ρ(DIN)的约50%,轻度污染河流则以NO₃--N为主,ρ(NO₃--N)占ρ(DIN)的60%以上. 除个别河流外,重度和中度污染河流水体中非汛期(11月—翌年4月)ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)普遍高于汛期(5—10月),并且汛期和非汛期差异显著. 这可能与非汛期的水温较低并且污水处理厂及湿地等生态系统的氮素去除率低于汛期有关,此外,也说明点源污染占主要地位;轻度污染河流中ρ(NH₃-N)在汛期和非汛期差异不显著,说明点源和非点源负荷相当. 重度和中度污染河流应重点针对点源污染开展治理;轻度污染河流应将点源、面源污染协同治理,以利于进一步改善水质.      

巢湖东部沉积硅藻组合记录的水环境变化

对巢湖东部湖心31 cm深的沉积岩芯进行放射性核素定年和化石硅藻分析,根据硅藻属种组合的变化反演了近150 a来巢湖东部水环境变化历史. 结果表明,巢湖东部水环境变化经历了2个主要阶段:①1827—2000年以Aulacoseira granulata占优势,但1970年其含量(以数量所占比例计)出现一明显谷值(22.4%),同期附生和底栖类硅藻频繁出现,反映了水动力条件减弱后又增强的趋势;该阶段水生植被较为发育,水体维持中营养状态.②2000年至今,以A. granulata和耐营养属种(A. alpigena、Cyclostephanos dubius)为优势组合,附生和底栖类硅藻含量显著减少,表明生活污水的大量排放导致湖区急剧富营养化; Hill多样性指数在2000年后显著下降,表明在该阶段水生生态系统发生退化.