环境监测技术服务社会化的政策文本研究

以部分省(市)颁布的29份环境监测技术服务社会化政策为研究样本,将市场准入、监测领域、运行管理和监督制裁作为政策文本的分析框架进行计量分析。部分省(市)相关规定具有一定的创新性,使以往混乱的社会环境监测技术服务市场进一步规范化;但多数省(市)的环境监测技术服务社会化政策存在市场准入条件苛刻、监测领域有待放开、运行管理模式僵化、监督制裁手段单一等难题。最后提出放宽市场准入条件、有序开放监测领域、构建多元管理模式、完善监督制裁体系等4项建议对上述难题予以回应。     

环境卫星CCD与Landsat TM影像质量及生态监测应用比对研究——以青海湖区域为例

针对环境卫星 CCD 影像,结合影像质量评价、专题制图、土地利用/覆被解译以及常用植被指数构建,以青海湖区域为例,与Landsat TM影像进行比对研究。结果表明,在与TM影像质量评价参数比较中,TM影像较优,而环境卫星影像具有很大的改善空间;在对地物判译中,环境卫星影像色彩稍暗淡,但对大多数地物解译判读的边界更清晰;环境卫星覆盖度大,区域制图的优势非常明显;生态监测定量遥感常用的植被指数比较中两种数据大致相同。     

松花江下游沿江湿地土地利用变化对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

本研究旨在明确生境质量变化对土壤细菌群落的影响,为松花江退化湿地选择科学的修复方法提供参考依据.于2018年使用Illumina MiSeq PE300第二代高通量测序平台对松花江下游的5种土地利用类型湿地(天然湿地、稻田地、玉米田、采砂迹地及恢复湿地)土壤细菌16S rDNA进行测序,分析不同土地利用类型土壤细菌群落多样性和功能的差异.结果表明:沿江湿地开垦为玉米田造成土壤细菌的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著降低(P<0.05),采砂迹地的仿湿地修复使土壤细菌的Ace、 Chao1和Shannon指数显著提高(P<0.05).天然湿地、稻田、玉米田和采砂迹地的土壤细菌群落结构差异显著(P<0.05),采砂迹地与恢复湿地的土壤细菌群落结构相似.沿江湿地土壤细菌划分为40门、 105纲、 258目、 421科、 802属和1 673种,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门和芽单胞菌门为各样地共有的优势菌门(相对丰度>1%).相比之下,拟杆菌门偏好稻田土壤环境,变形菌门和芽单胞菌门偏好玉米田土壤环境,放线菌门偏好采砂迹地土...     

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景的土壤侵蚀演变特征

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景,使用USLE和土壤风蚀方程对坝上地区水蚀和风蚀强度进行估算。结果表明:(1)2015年坝上地区风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度均值分别为8.83±5.15 t·ha^-1·a^-1、4.37±6.62 t·ha^-1·a^-1和13.22±8.18 t·ha^-1·a^-1;风蚀占总侵蚀67%,水蚀占33%。(2)土地利用调整情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度分别减少4.9%～9.9%、2.9%～8.3%和4.3%～9.3%;土地利用+植被恢复情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度则分别减少6.3%～13.8%、5.2%～16.2%和5.9%～14.3%。(3)土地调整面积与风蚀强度减少率呈对数关系,与水蚀强度减少率呈指数关系,与总侵蚀强度减少率呈线性关系(P<0.01)。本文结果可以为土壤侵蚀方程计算及区域土壤侵蚀防治提供数据参考。     

河北坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为查明河北省坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗能力,选择张北县(坝上风蚀区)和阳原县(坝下水蚀区)作为典型研究区,采用微型圆盘入渗仪测量土壤入渗特性,并分析其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)阳原县不同土地利用类型土壤渗透性能表现为:高盖度草地>低盖度草地>耕地>林地,张北县表现为:草地>耕地>灌木林地>防护林地;(2)不同入渗模型拟合度之间存在显著差异,其中Philip模型拟合效果最佳;(3)土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、稳定入渗时间与容重呈极显著负相关关系,而与总孔隙度均呈极显著正相关关系。结果表明,该区草地土壤入渗能力最强,后期开展生态工程建设时应更加重视草地涵养水源的作用。     

乡村振兴视域下农村土地利用利益相关者分析

乡村振兴的实施使得农村土地利用与管理面临更多的挑战。应用利益相关者分析、博弈均衡分析和实证案例分析,探讨乡村振兴视域下土地利用各利益相关者的关系演变。研究结果显示:(1)1949年至今,农村地区土地利用利益相关者主体数量增加,博弈关系呈现复杂化、多样化和多向化;(2)乡村振兴时期主要有六种博弈关系,并探讨了案例村实施下山脱贫、发展乡村旅游、新型经营主体进驻、城市居民促进农村发展四种博弈决策过程;(3)乡村振兴视域下,农村地区发展应关注基础设施配套、土地利用效率与生态环境协调、农户生计可持续性等问题。乡村振兴中应注重实现土地利用各利益相关者的最优均衡,降低各方风险,保护生态环境并寻求多方利益平衡。     

Effects of mobile phone use on driving performance in a multiresource workload scenario

Objective: This study explores the influence of mobile phone secondary tasks on driving from the perspective of visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor (VACP) multiple resource theory, and it is anticipated to benefit the human-centered design of mobile phone use while driving.

Methods: The present study investigated 6 typical phone use scenarios while driving and analyzed the effects of phone use distractions on driving performance. Thirty-six participants were recruited to participate in this experiment. We abandoned traditional secondary tasks such as conversations or dialing, in which cognitive resources can become interference. Instead, we adopted an arrow secondary task and an n-back delayed digit recall task.

Results: The results show that all mobile phone use scenarios have a significant influence on driving performance, especially on lateral vehicle control. The visual plus psychomotor resource occupation scenario demonstrated the greatest deterioration of driving performance, and there was a significant deterioration of driving speed and steering wheel angle once the psychomotor resource was occupied.

Conclusions: Phone use distraction leads to visual, cognitive, and/or motor resource functional limitations and thus causes lane violations and traffic accidents.     

Influencing resilience: the role of policy entrepreneurs in mainstreaming climate adaptation

One way to make development pathways more resilient in the face of a changing climate has been through mainstreaming adaptation into government policies, planning and sectoral decision‐making. To date, many of the transferable lessons have taken the form of technical approaches such as risk assessments and toolkits. This article instead draws on evidence from South Asia to emphasise some of the more tacit and informal approaches used to influence adaptation policy. Despite their apparent significance in policy processes, such tactics are often neither planned for nor well reported in resilience‐building projects and programme documents. Using evidence to populate a typology of influencing strategies, this article looks particularly at the role of policy entrepreneurs who navigate the political complexity of both formal and informal governance systems to promote successful adaptation mainstreaming. It concludes with recommendations for adaptation and resilience programming that can more effectively harness the breadth of influencing strategies.     

Linking permit markets multilaterally

We formally study the determinants, magnitude and distribution of efficiency gains generated in multilateral linkages between permit markets. We provide two novel decomposition results for these gains, characterize individual preferences over linking groups and show that our results are largely unaltered with strategic domestic emissions cap selection or when banking and borrowing are allowed. Using the Paris Agreement pledges and power sector emissions data of five countries which all use or considered using both emissions trading and linking, we quantify the efficiency gains. We find that the computed gains can be sizable and are split roughly equally between effort and risk sharing.     

(Not) talking about justice: justice self-recognition and the integration of energy and environmental-social justice into renewable energy siting

Renewable energy often provokes heated debate on climate change, energy security and the local impacts of developments. However, how far such discussions involve thorough and inclusive debate on the energy and environmental-social justice issues associated with renewable energy siting remains ambiguous, particularly where government agendas prioritise renewable energy and planning systems offer limited opportunities for public debate on value-based arguments for and against renewable energy developments. Using the concept of justice self-recognition, we argue for greater attention to public discussion of the justice dimensions of renewable energy to assist in developing mechanisms to integrate distributive and procedural fairness principles into renewable energy decision-making. To explore how justice is currently invoked in such contexts, we examine recent U.K. policies for renewable energy and public submissions to applications for small-scale wind energy projects in Cornwall, U.K. The analysis of public comments revealed that justice concerns were rarely discussed explicitly. Comments instead did not raise concerns as justice issues or focused implicitly on distributive justice, stressing local aesthetic, community and economic impacts, clean energy and climate change. However, the findings indicated limited discussion of procedural or participatory justice, an absence that hampers the establishment of coherent procedures for deciding acceptable impacts, information standards, public participation and arbitrating disputes. We conclude by suggesting procedural reforms to policy and planning to enable greater public expression of justice concerns and debate on how to negotiate tensions between energy and environmental-social justice in renewable energy siting decisions.