Experimental study on the competing effect of ceramic pellets on premixed methane-air flame propagation in a duct

It is urgent to explore effective suppression methods for gas fires and explosions to ensure the safe utilizations of combustible gases in industrial processes. In this work, experiments are performed to study the effect of spherical ceramic pellets on premixed methane-air flame propagation in a closed duct. High-speed schlieren photography and pressure transducers are used to record the flame propagation and pressure transient, respectively. Behaviors of the flame propagating through a section of the duct filled with ceramic pellets in mixtures at different equivalence ratios are scrutinized. Three different diameters of pellets are considered in the experiments. The result shows that the flame can be quenched in the case with a smaller pellet diameter (3 mm) for a wide range of equivalence ratios from fuel-lean to fuel-rich mixture. For larger pellet diameter (5 or 10 mm), flame extinction occurs in fuel-rich mixtures (e.g. Φ = 1.1, 1.2). For the cases of flame surviving through the pellets bed, the pellets show a significant influence on the flame structure and behavior. The flame propagation depends on the porosity and the mean void diameter of the porous media in the pellets bed. Small void diameter is beneficial to flame quenching, while large porosity can accelerate the flame propagation. The pressure dynamics evolution is closely related to the interaction of flame with the pellets, and it depends on whether the flame quenches in the pellets bed. Overall, d = 3 mm ceramic pellets display the best suppression effect on flame propagation and pressure buildup in this study. The results of this study are of great significance to guide the safety design of spherical suppression materials in engineering applications for process safety researchers and engineers.     

Review of hydrogen safety during storage,transmission, and applications processes

Hydrogen is considered an excellent clean fuel with potential applications in several fields. There are serious safety concerns associated with the hydrogen process. These concerns need to be thoroughly understood and addressed to ensure its safe operation. To better understand the safety challenges of hydrogen use, application, and process, it is essential to undertake a detailed risk analysis. This can be achieved by performing detailed consequence modellings and assessing risk using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. This study comprehensively reviews and analyses safety challenges related to hydrogen, focusing on hydrogen storage, transmission, and application processes. Range of release and dispersion scenarios are investigated to analyse associated hazards. Approaches to quantitative risk assessment are also briefly discussed.     

基于系统动力学的食品企业安全生产监管博弈研究

为了研究食品安全生产及监管的内在机理、影响因素及监管模式,采用演化博弈论方法建立了政府监管部门与食品企业之间的博弈模型,运用复制动态方程和系统动力学方法深入分析了食品安全生产中相关主体的决策选择。结果表明:食品企业在追求利益最大化的前提下须主动重视食品安全问题,食品企业的策略选择受安全生产投入成本、处罚成本和声誉收益的影响;政府监管部门的监管行为受监管成本、外部负效益及社会成本等多方因素的影响。因此,增大监管部门惩处力度、降低监管成本、完善社会公众监督机制、强化声誉效应是食品安全问题得以解决的有力保障。     

Green energy generation through PEHF – a blueprint of alternate energy harvesting

In this work, an attempt has been made to harvest green energy from piezoelectric material using fluid flow in a conduit. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting using Fluid Flow (PEHF) experimental model has been designed and the outputs obtained are compared with results obtained from simulations using ANSYS (computational fluid dynamics) and also with the mathematical modeling. The PEHF model has been utilized to analyze the effect of flow rate of water with reference to energy extracted. The full wave bridge rectifier and voltage doubler circuits have been used to obtain the direct current (DC) from the PEHF model. It is observed that the output obtained using experiments holds good in agreement with the results retrieved through simulations and mathematical results. The increase in flow rate of fluid leads to initially increase and then decrease in output of PEHF model as the maximum energy generated when flow rates (external force) matches with the frequency of excitation of the systems, i.e., at its resonance. The maximum energy output is generated at its resonance frequencies. It is observed that the full wave bridge rectifier circuit gives greater output as compared to a voltage doubler circuit.     

A numerical study on the feasibility and efficiency of point smoke extraction strategies in large cross-section shield tunnel fires using CFD modeling

The strategy of smoke control is of high importance for the design process of tunnels, especially for long and large cross-section tunnels. The South Hongmei Rd. Tunnel (SHT) located in Shanghai, China, is a 3.39 km long shield TBM (tunnel boring machine) tunnel with an external diameter of 14.5 m. The point smoke extraction system was proposed initially as the main ventilation strategy during a tunnel fire. To investigate the fire characteristics in the tunnel and develop appropriate smoke control strategies, a series of numerical 3D Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. Three fire scenarios, namely 5 MW, 20 MW and 50 MW, were modeled to evaluate the point extraction system. The gas temperatures, the stratification of the smoke, air temperature, minimum visibility etc., during the smoke spreading of a fire were analyzed. Based on the results of the simulation, the smoke extraction strategies according to fire scale and fire location were proposed for fire extinguishing. It was found that the three-point extraction opening strategy can control the smoke better than two-point extraction opening strategy under various fire scales, especially under serious fire scenario. From the results, damper openings ranged at closer intervals were found more efficient in two-point extraction system. Besides, placing the damper openings in the longitudinal direction can improve the efficiency of smoke extraction. It also results in reduction of the quantity of prefabricated members of duct slab and the process of assembly will be simplified during the construction.     

基于RS/GIS技术的南四湖流域典型市域生态敏感性评价——以济宁市为例

基于RS和GIS技术,利用多源数据,从土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化、景观以及采矿塌陷4个方面对研究区的生态敏感性进行了评价,研究了空间分布差异及规律。结果表明:土壤侵蚀敏感性以轻度和中度为主,由东北和西南向中心递减趋势;土壤盐渍化除西部平原区盐渍化高风险突出外,敏感性普遍较低,由西向东递减;景观稳定性主要表现为轻度敏感,由四周向中心递减;采矿塌陷敏感性指标由于受人类活动影响呈现极端分布,高敏感区主要分布在研究区中部地区;研究综合生态敏感性分布空间差异显著,以不敏感区为主,整体上呈由西向东递减的趋势。     

活性黄染料废水脱色动力研究

本文采用草酸铁法（UV/Fe（C2O4）33-/H2 O2）氧化活性黄染料废水,其动力学模型为拟一级动力学反应,反应速率常数分别为0.01084 s-1,通过动力学研究方法获得染料废水脱色反应的半衰期为68s;考察了pH值和反应温度的变化对氧化反应动力学的影响,初始pH值在3.0～4.0之间,对于草酸铁法羟自由基氧化脱...     

库布齐沙漠典型地区景观变化研究

Spatial pattern analysis is the core component in landscape ecology research. We analyzed the landscape pattern and dynamic process of the Kubuqi Desert by using a typical region as a study area. This study area includes four towns: ShuLinZhao, WangAiZhao, BaiNiJing and JiGeSiTai. The area of cropland, fixed sand dune, woodland, residential area and wetland increased and centralized gradually, while the area of semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and washland decreased and dispersed gradually from 1987 to 2003. On the landscape level, the patch shape tended to be regular, and the landscape pattern tended to be simple, causing the fragmentation degree, heterogeneity and diversity of the landscape to decrease. Fixed sand dune, Semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and river flood plains were the five main export classes, and residential area, cropland and wetland were the three main import classes. The classes that had a relatively large total area and large average patch area had a smaller extent of gravity center migration, whereas the classes with small total area and small average patch area had a larger extent of gravity center migration; this is because the small patches are easily influenced by human activities or natural factors. In addition, the desertification area and desertification degree reduced gradually in the study area during the period from 1987 to 2003.     

草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化的数值分析

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数、环境因子进行了调查．按不同营养层类群、栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系．结果表明,昆虫多样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加,以鳞翅目、同翅目、半翅目、脉翅目及捕食类群增长率为大．寄生类群和捕食类群多样性取决于植食类群多样性;杂食类群与地栖性类群成显著性相关．影响昆虫多样性变化的主要环境因子为植物种类、层次结构、盖度和表土层厚度、坚硬度等．     

间甲酚对杂色云芝(Coriolus versicolor)生长及产漆酶能力的影响

分别进行了间甲酚浓度为0mg·L-1,166 7mg·L-1和275mg·L-13种情况下的杂色云芝实罐发酵试验,定时测定了3种情况下菌丝干重(DC)、淀粉消耗、间甲酚降解和酶活性随时间的变化.在无间甲酚时,菌丝干重在188h达到最大值2600mg·L-1;在120h开始出现酶活,228h达到最大值82 15U·mL-1后,呈现一个稳定态势,不因衰亡期的到来而有较大幅度的变化.在加入166 7mg·L-1间甲酚时,菌丝干重在204h方达到最大值(995mg·L-1),且较无间甲酚时低得多(降低61 73%);在180h开始出现酶活,204h达到最大值(118 36U·L-1),并高出前者44 1%,此后也呈现一个稳定的态势.在加入间甲酚浓度为275mg·L-1时,菌丝干重在372h方达到最大值(320mg·L-1),但仅是无间甲酚的12 31%,间甲酚浓度为166 7mg·L-1时的32 16%;在264h开始出现酶活,396h达到最大值(112 8U·L-1),其酶活水平与间甲酚为166 7mg·L-1情况下的水平相当,这说明间甲酚可以诱导杂色云芝达到较高的产酶水平.研究发现在上述条件下杂色云芝生长的时间统计模型3种情况下的动力学模型可以用Logistic方程来模拟,即间甲酚的加入,并不改变其生长动力学模型;杂色云芝产漆酶的动力学模型在3种情况下可以分别用一级反应动力学方程描述;3种情况下,淀粉消耗均可以用Logistic模型来描述,从3个方