THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT Environmental resources can be managed properly only by adopting a comprehensive approach. The whole environment must be considered as a single system, and prior to any action, all types of environmental impacts caused by it should be studied in detail. This paper underlines the close relationship between different environmental problems, analyzes existing management patterns, and proposes new alternatives whenever applicable. The different constraints, which have to be considered in the decision-making process while developing a plan, are also discussed. It is concluded that efforts neglecting the interaction among different aspects of the environment do not upgrade the quality of water, air, and land to any appreciable degree.     

EFFECTS OF WATER DRAWDOWN ON THE FAUNA IN SMALL COLD WATER RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Two small cold water reservoirs with stable water levels were compared with two reservoirs scheduled for complete drawdown to determine the effects of drawdown on invertebrate abundance and fish abundance and density. An extensive literature review supplemented the results with other applicable information. No conclusive evidence of effects of drawdown on invertebrates or fish was found. Characteristics of a reservoir and its drainage basin which obscure or lessen drawdown effects are discussed. Analysis and observation of drawdown procedures showed that duration and scheduling of draw-down periods are important in determining whether drawdown will be harmful to fauna in a given reservoir.     

A Framework for Landscape Ecological Design of New Patches in the Rural Landscape

This study developed a comprehensive framework to incorporate landscape ecological principles into the landscape planning and design process, with a focus on the design of new patches in the rural landscape. The framework includes two interrelated phases: patch analyst (PA) and patch designer (PD). The patch analyst augments the process of landscape inventory and analysis. It distinguishes nodes (associated with potential habitat patches) from links (associated with corridors and stepping stones between habitats). For natural vegetation patches, characteristics such as size, shape, and spatial arrangement have been used to develop analytical tools that distinguish between nodes and links. The patch designer uses quantitative information and analytical tools to recommend locations, shapes, sizes, and composition of introduced patches. The framework has been applied to the development of a new golf course in the rural Mediterranean landscape of Apulia, Southern Italy. Fifty new patches of Mediterranean maquis (24 patches) and garrigue (26 patches) have been designed and located in the golf course, raising the overall natural vegetation area to 70 ha (60% of total property). The framework has potential for use in a wide variety of landscape planning, design, and management projects.     

新疆草地生态价值及其可持续开发利用初探

草地是新疆农业自然资源的重要组成部分,是发展草地畜牧业的重要基础,通过对新疆草地特点阐述以及对草地生态价值的量化研究,本文在新疆草地开发利用现状的基础上,针对新疆14个主要草地区提出了草地开发利用的具体措施。     

伊犁河谷退耕还草的模式及生态经济效益探讨

退耕还林还草、进行生态环境建设是我国政府制定的一项战略性措施。伊犁河谷需要退耕还草的面积为14.13×104hm2,河谷自然地理条件较复杂,不同地域水、土、光、热条件差异较大,本文就伊犁河谷不同地域退耕还草的模式、生态经济效益及相关技术问题进行了探讨。     

干旱区防风固沙林建设与管理的进一步思考

根据干旱区的典型特点,突出"水"的问题,结合已有成果的经验,针对目前新疆防风固沙生态林建设与管理中存在的问题,就造林树种选择、林带结构、造林密度、用水方式等问题,从恢复生态学的理论高度提出一些供参考的想法。     

Spatial Modeling of Harvest Constraints on Wood Supply Versus Wildlife Habitat Objectives

We studied the effects of spatial and temporal timber harvesting constraints on competing objectives of sustaining wildlife habitat supply and meeting timber harvest objectives in a boreal mixedwood forest. A hierarchical modeling approach was taken, where strategic and tactical level models were used to project blocking and scheduling of harvest blocks. Harvest block size and proximity, together with short- and long-term temporal constraints, were adjusted in a factorial manner to allow creation of response–surface models. A new measure of the habitat mosaic was defined to describe the emergent pattern of habitat across the landscape. These models, together with multiple linear regression, were used to provide insight on convergence or divergence between spatial objectives. For example, green-up delay (defined as time required before a harvest block adjacent to a previously logged block can be scheduled for harvest) had an adverse effect on the amount of annual harvest area that could be allocated and blocked spatially, and habitat supply responded in an opposite direction to that of wood supply, where caribou, moose wintering, and marten habitat supply increased when harvest blocks were further apart, maximum block size smaller, and both a green-up delay and mesoscale stratification were applied. Although there was no solution space free of conflicts, the analysis suggests that application of the mesoscale stratification, together with a diversity of harvest block sizes and a between-harvest block proximity of 250 m, will perform relatively well with respect to wood supply objectives, and at the same time create a less fragmented landscape that better reflects natural forest patterns.     

国际环境制度对能源安全战略的重大影响

能源安全一直是国际政治和经济领域的重大问题。在追求可持续发展和全球化不断推进的2l世纪,国际环境制度的逐步形成为能源安全赋予了新的涵义,生态安全已经成为能源安全的重要组成部分。以保障能源供应为主要出发点的传统能源安全观逐渐向着涵盖能源供应、经济竞争力和环境质量三大要素的“综合能源安全观”的方向发展。     

开发旅游资源与景观失态协调机制的关系

本文针对如何正确处理开发旅游资源与保护景观的关系,运用景观生态学原理,阐述了景观生态协调机制的基本内容和实现这一机制的途径．     

试论旅游经济与环境保护的关系——以香溪河风景线为例

阐述了旅游经济与环境保护矛盾的由来;分析了旅游经济系统,景观生态系统的结构与功能。指出旅游经济系统的旅游产品结构、旅游行业结构同环境保护关系最为密切,只有对其结构实行优化,才可能解决它们与景观生态系统结构之间的矛盾,把旅游经济活动对生态与环境影响降低到最小程度。旅游经济系统功能与景观生态系统功能,受其经济影响也经常处于矛盾状态之中。自然景观生态系统是通过食物链和食物网进行物质、能量传递的,倘若旅游