南昌典型园林树种燃烧性实验研究

选择南昌西郊和北郊12个园林树种不同器官理化性状测定分析和燃烧试验,根据各树种的含水率、燃点、热值、粗灰分、粗脂肪、木质素、粗纤维、燃烧时间、火烧强度和生物生态学特性等10个因子,应用DPS聚类分析法,对12个园林树种的燃烧性进行了排序,结果表明,难燃树种有5个,依次是：乐昌含笑、珊瑚树、大叶黄杨、白玉兰和海桐;较难燃树种有4个,依次是：女贞、山茶、夹竹桃和含笑;易燃树种有3个,依次是：桂花、巴东木连和红花檵木。为南方防火林带的建设提供了目前公认以外的防火树种。     

城市生态安全评价及部分城市生态安全态势比较

以我国35个大中城市生态环境系统为研究对象,选取资源环境压力、环境状态和人文环境响应3个亚系统的23个指标,通过数据标准化处理、指标权重确定和生态安全评价指数模型构建,测算城市生态安全水平;再选取不同生态安全等级的福州、深圳等9城市,分析环境压力、状态和响应3项目对我国城市生态安全影响大小.结果表明,3项目的权重分配差异不大,反映这3个方面对城市生态安全的重要程度相似.按评价指数大小排序结果显示,福州、深圳两城市生态环境的安全态势居所有城市之首;有7个城市生态环境达到安全等级;其余26城市为生态临界安全或不安全状态.我国城市环境状态对于决定城市生态环境安全程度具有重要的作用.各城市压力指数值差异不大,人文环境响应指标值相对较低,反映我国城市环境压力、状态和响应指标对城市生态环境安全贡献的差异,其中人文环境响应项目的贡献最小.     

Analyzing the Impacts of Dams on Riparian Ecosystems: A Review of Research Strategies and Their Relevance to the Snake River Through Hells Canyon

River damming provides a dominant human impact on river environments worldwide, and while local impacts of reservoir flooding are immediate, subsequent ecological impacts downstream can be extensive. In this article, we assess seven research strategies for analyzing the impacts of dams and river flow regulation on riparian ecosystems. These include spatial comparisons of (1) upstream versus downstream reaches, (2) progressive downstream patterns, or (3) the dammed river versus an adjacent free-flowing or differently regulated river(s). Temporal comparisons consider (4) pre- versus post-dam, or (5) sequential post-dam conditions. However, spatial comparisons are complicated by the fact that dams are not randomly located, and temporal comparisons are commonly limited by sparse historic information. As a result, comparative approaches are often correlative and vulnerable to confounding factors. To complement these analyses, (6) flow or sediment modifications can be implemented to test causal associations. Finally, (7) process-based modeling represents a predictive approach incorporating hydrogeomorphic processes and their biological consequences. In a case study of Hells Canyon, the upstream versus downstream comparison is confounded by a dramatic geomorphic transition. Comparison of the multiple reaches below the dams should be useful, and the comparison of Snake River with the adjacent free-flowing Salmon River may provide the strongest spatial comparison. A pre- versus post-dam comparison would provide the most direct study approach, but pre-dam information is limited to historic reports and archival photographs. We conclude that multiple study approaches are essential to provide confident interpretations of ecological impacts downstream from dams, and propose a comprehensive study for Hells Canyon that integrates multiple research strategies.     

Industrial and urban symbiosis in Japan: Analysis of the Eco-Town program 1997–2006

Japan's Eco-Town Program spearheaded in Japan the integration of Industrial Symbiosis and Urban Symbiosis, seeking to maximise the economic and environmental benefit from close geographic proximity of industrial and urban areas, through the use of previously discarded commercial, municipal and industrial waste materials in industrial applications. The program established 26 Eco-Towns around Japan. Approximately 1.65 billion USD was invested in 61 innovative recycling projects, with an average government subsidy of 36%. In addition at least 107 other recycling facilities have been constructed without government subsidy. 14 Eco-Towns primarily contributed to improving industry's productivity, whilst 10 Eco-Towns primarily contributed to improving environmental amenity. In 16 Eco-Towns the private sector was the most important actor supporting local government in the realisation of the Eco-Town, whilst in 9 Eco-Towns this was civil society. The availability of investment subsidies, the coming into force of ambitious recycling legislation with quantified, product-specific targets, access to the significant technological resources of the private sector, and widespread recognition of the urgency to act on environmental issues, all contributed to the success of the Eco-Town Program.     

景观生态学在公路建设项目环境影响评价中的应用

景观生态学中的优势度原理在评价开发建设项目对生态系统完整性及其结构与功能稳定性方面具有很好的适用性，但在线型开发建设项目环境影响评价中很少应用。以公路建设为例，探讨了在线型开发建设项目生态环境影响评价中的应用。     

Assessing Landowner Activities Related to Birds Across Rural-to-Urban Landscapes

Fluctuations of bird abundances in the Midwest region of the United States have been attributed to such factors as landscape change, habitat fragmentation, depredation, and supplemental feeding. However, no attempt has been made to estimate the collective role of landowner activities that may influence birds across a landscape. To investigate how landowners might influence birds when the majority (> 90%) of land is privately owned, we surveyed all 1694 private domestic landowners living on three breeding bird survey routes (120 km) that represent a continuum of rural-to-urban landscapes in Southeastern Michigan from October through December 2000. Our survey was designed to investigate (1) the proportion of landowners involved in bird feeding, providing bird houses, planting or maintaining vegetation for birds, gardening, landscaping, applying fertilizer, and applying pesticides or herbicides; (2) whether differences existed between urban, suburban, and rural landowner activities; and (3) whether landowners that carried out a given activity were sociodemographically different from those who did not. Of the 968 respondents (58.5% response rate), 912 (94%) carried out at least one of the activities on their land and the average landowner carried out 3.7 activities. A total of 65.6% fed birds, 45.7% provided bird houses, 54.6% planted or maintained vegetation for birds, 72.7% gardened, 72.3% landscaped, 49.3% applied fertilizer, and 25.2% applied pesticides or herbicides. Significant differences existed between the landscapes, with rural landowners having more bird houses and applying pesticides or herbicides in greater frequency. Similarly, urban landowners had a greater density of bird feeders and houses, but planted or maintained vegetation in the lowest frequency. Participation in activities varied by demographic factors, such as age, gender, and occupation. Scaling each activity to all landowners, including nonrespondents, across all landscapes indicates that between 14% and 82% of landowners may be engaged in a particular activity, with application of pesticides or herbicides having the least potential involvement (13.9%–55.4%) and gardening having the greatest potential involvement (40.1%–81.6%). Taken collectively, our results indicate that landowners are both intentionally and unintentionally engaged in a wide range of activities that are likely to influence bird populations.     

恢复生态学研究的一些基本问题探讨

对恢复生态学的研究概况、基本概念、内涵与研究内容以及生态恢复的目标、原则、程序与技术进行了分析与探讨，指出恢复生态学应加强基础理论研究和应用技术研究。生态恢复与重建是指根据生态学原理，通过一定的生物、生态和工程技术，人为地切断生态系统退化的主导因子和过程，调整和优化系统内部及其与外界的物质、能量和信息的流动过程及其时空秩序，使生态系统的结构、功能和生态学潜力尽快成功地恢复到原有的乃至更高水平。