城市景观水体中腐殖酸的臭氧氧化去除

以南京师范大学德风园池底泥中提取的腐殖酸(HA)为研究对象,采用臭氧氧化技术对其进行去除,对初始pH值、混合气体流量、腐殖酸(HA)初始浓度以及水中常见离子等因素对去除效果的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:腐殖酸(HA)的去除率随初始pH值的升高而提高,随混合气体流量减少而提高;当腐殖酸(HA)初始浓度为5 mg/L时,反应过程中溶液的UV254升高,紫外扫描结果发现,溶液在200~220 nm内出现杂乱的吸收峰,表明有新物质生成;水中常见的无机阴离子(CO32-、HCO3-)和二价金属离子(Ca2+、Cu2+)的存在会降低臭氧对腐殖酸(HA)的去除率。     

Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems

A dead mammal (i.e. cadaver) is a high quality resource (narrow carbon:nitrogen ratio, high water content) that releases an intense, localised pulse of carbon and nutrients into the soil upon decomposition. Despite the fact that as much as 5,000 kg of cadaver can be introduced to a square kilometre of terrestrial ecosystem each year, cadaver decomposition remains a neglected microsere. Here we review the processes associated with the introduction of cadaver-derived carbon and nutrients into soil from forensic and ecological settings to show that cadaver decomposition can have a greater, albeit localised, effect on belowground ecology than plant and faecal resources. Cadaveric materials are rapidly introduced to belowground floral and faunal communities, which results in the formation of a highly concentrated island of fertility, or cadaver decomposition island (CDI). CDIs are associated with increased soil microbial biomass, microbial activity (C mineralisation) and nematode abundance. Each CDI is an ephemeral natural disturbance that, in addition to releasing energy and nutrients to the wider ecosystem, acts as a hub by receiving these materials in the form of dead insects, exuvia and puparia, faecal matter (from scavengers, grazers and predators) and feathers (from avian scavengers and predators). As such, CDIs contribute to landscape heterogeneity. Furthermore, CDIs are a specialised habitat for a number of flies, beetles and pioneer vegetation, which enhances biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems.     

快速城镇化地区生态用地演变及驱动力分析

基于高分辨率遥感影像、GIS和RS技术,利用转移矩阵、景观指数和地图叠加等方法系统分析了辛庄镇域生态用地演变的时空特征,并引入二项Logistic回归模型,选择到农村居民点的距离、到道路的距离、到河流水系的距离、到村镇中心的距离、人均GDP、人均工业总产值、人均农业总产值、人均收入、人口密度为驱动因子,对研究区主要类型生态用地变化的驱动力进行分析。结果表明:1991~2009年,辛庄镇生态用地空间结构和面积变化剧烈,总体上呈加速缩减趋势。其中,水田面积变化尤为明显,18a间累积减少1 806.61hm2;经济效益较高的水产养殖用地和园地规模有所增长,尤其是水产养殖用地,1991~2009年年均增长43.01hm2,长幅为93.26%。生态用地主要转移去向为水产养殖用地、居住用地和工业用地。生态用地总体上破碎化程度加剧,类型水平上,大体上呈现为破碎度加剧、景观形状日趋规则、优势度逐渐降低、聚集度日益增加的态势。各时段生态用地演变的主要驱动因子均为邻域因子,但随着时间的推移,社会经济因子对生态用地变化的解释效力逐渐增强。     

改进A2/O法处理生活污水在景观回用中的实验研究

对传统的A2/O工艺进行了改进,并将改进后的A2/O工艺用于小区生活污水的处理。实验结果证明出水经混凝沉淀后回用景观可行。     

三亚城市景观生态设计初探

为保护三亚热带自然风情,运用景观生态学原理为该市进行了城市景观生态设计。其中控制性组分的设计分为种群源(Speciessource)、廊道(Coridor)和节点(Node)等内容。用来满足生物种群保存的“持久性"和物种流动的“可达性"要求,使城市中的“自然"组分成为环境质量的控制性组分。此外,还进行了非控制性组分中自然组分的设计和景观的美学规划,并进行了景观的生态构架设计,使城市生态系统与外围自然组分进行有效的物质和能量的交流。      

白洋淀典型抗生素与底栖藻类群落指标相关性研究

底栖藻类作为湖泊中主要的生产者,其对抗生素较为敏感,目前有关喹诺酮类抗生素(quinolones, QNs)与底栖藻类群落的相关性研究较为缺乏,因此本研究选取白洋淀为研究区,利用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测水体QNs浓度,并分析底栖藻类群落结构和功能指标,利用商值法(RQ)计算QNs的生态风险值,建立QNs生态风险与底栖藻类群落指标的相关性。研究结果如下。(1)白洋淀QNs浓度存在明显时空差异。就空间分布而言,QNs的最高浓度出现在生境1(1 309.80ng·L~(-1));就时间变化而言,4月QNs浓度最高;就QNs种类而言,氟甲喹(flumequine, FLU)浓度最高(1 054.38 ng·L~(-1));(2)就藻类群落指标的空间分布而言,除藻密度(AD)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、叶绿素b/a(Chl b/a)、绿藻比例(CHL)、蓝藻比例(CYA)、碱性磷酸酶(APA)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(GLU)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LEU)和无灰干重(AFDW)等指标最大值出现在生境2外,其他指标最大值出现在生境3;就时间分布而言,大部分底栖藻类群落指标11月值高于4月和8月;(3)除FLU的生态风险处于中等水平外,其余QNs生态风险较低;其中,8月生境2的生态风险值最高(RQ最大值为0.9446);(4) AD、Chl a、Chl b、叶绿素c(Chl c)、Chl b/a与RQ_(CIP)和RQ_(FLU)呈显著相关,其中Chl a与RQ_(FLU)的相关性显著(r=0.827,P<0.01)。结果表明,底栖藻类结构指标与QNs风险值相关性较为显著,因此,可考虑筛选较为敏感的底栖藻类群落结构指标,为富营养化湖泊生态监测方法研究提供理论基础及相关数据支撑。     

A landscape approach to quantifying land cover changes in Yulin, Northwest China

In this study we quantified land cover changes in the arid region of Yulin City, Northwest China between 1985 and 2000 using remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with landscape modeling. Land covers were mapped into 20 categories from multitemporal Landsat TM images. Five landscape indices were calculated from these maps at the land cover patches level. It was found that fallow land decreased by 125,148 ha while grassland and woodland increased by 107,975 and 17,157 ha, respectively. Landscape heterogeneity, dominance and fractal dimension changed little during the 15-year period while landscape became more fragmented, with an index rising from 0.56 to 0.58. The major factors responsible for these changes are identified as the change in the government policy on preserving the environment, continued growth in mining, and urbanization.     

Grouping Lakes for Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring: The Roles of Regionalization and Spatial Scale

Regionalization frameworks cluster geographic data to create contiguous regions of similar climate, geology and hydrology by delineating land into discrete regions, such as ecoregions or watersheds, often at several spatial scales. Although most regionalization schemes were not originally designed for aquatic ecosystem classification or management, they are often used for such purposes, with surprisingly few explicit tests of the relative ability of different regionalization frameworks to group lakes for water quality monitoring and assessment. We examined which of 11 different lake grouping schemes at two spatial scales best captures the maximum amount of variation in water quality among regions for total nutrients, water clarity, chlorophyll, overall trophic state, and alkalinity in 479 lakes in Michigan (USA). We conducted analyses on two data sets: one that included all lakes and one that included only minimally disturbed lakes. Using hierarchical linear models that partitioned total variance into within-region and among-region components, we found that ecological drainage units and 8-digit hydrologic units most consistently captured among-region heterogeneity at their respective spatial scales using all lakes (variation among lake groups = 3% to 50% and 12% to 52%, respectively). However, regionalization schemes capture less among-region variance for minimally disturbed lakes. Diagnostics of spatial autocorrelation provided insight into the relative performance of regionalization frameworks but also demonstrated that region size is only partly responsible for capturing variation among lakes. These results suggest that regionalization schemes can provide useful frameworks for lake water quality assessment and monitoring but that we must identify the appropriate spatial scale for the questions being asked, the type of management applied, and the metrics being assessed.     

Describing and Mapping Human-Induced Vegetation Change in the Australian Landscape

Australian reporting requirements for native vegetation require improved spatial and temporal information on the anthropogenic effects on vegetation. This includes better linkage of information on vegetation type (e.g., native vegetation association), extent and change, vegetation condition, or modification. The Vegetation Assets, States and Transitions (VAST) framework is presented as a means for ordering vegetation by degree of anthropogenic modification as a series of condition states, from a residual or base-line condition through to total removal. The VAST framework facilitates mapping and accounting for change and trends in the status and condition of vegetation. The framework makes clear the links between land management and vegetation condition states, provides a mechanism for describing the consequences of land management practices on vegetation condition, and contributes to an understanding of resilience. VAST is a simple communication and reporting tool designed to assist in describing and accounting for anthropogenic modification of vegetation. A benchmark is identified for each vegetation association. Benchmarks are based on structure, composition, and current regenerative capacity. This article describes the application of the VAST framework as a consistent national framework to translate and compile existing mapped information on the modification of native vegetation. We discuss the correspondence between these compiled VAST datasets at national and regional scales and describe their relevance for natural resource policy and planning.