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191.
用高铝陶瓷球磨加工在120℃下烘干30h的风砂土、黑土和暗棕壤土壤样品。用X-射线荧光光谱法等分析样品中Cu,F3,Ti等元素,做均匀度检验,结果表明样品均匀。定值分析采用NA、ICP-MS等18种不同原理的分析技术。在1年多时间里,用X-射线荧光光谱法做稳定性实验,表明样品稳定。在IBM计算机上处理获取的全部数据。用Grubbs、多重比较S法等剔除离群值,求出最佳估计值。以最佳估计值按定值原则确 相似文献
192.
193.
《Ambio》2021,50(12):2286
Exploitation of natural forests forms expanding frontiers. Simultaneously, protected area frontiers aim at maintaining functional habitat networks. To assess net effects of these frontiers, we examined 16 case study areas on five continents. We (1) mapped protected area instruments, (2) assessed their effectiveness, (3) mapped policy implementation tools, and (4) effects on protected areas originating from their surroundings. Results are given as follows: (1) conservation instruments covered 3–77%, (2) effectiveness of habitat networks depended on representativeness, habitat quality, functional connectivity, resource extraction in protected areas, time for landscape restoration, “paper parks”, “fortress conservation”, and data access, (3) regulatory policy instruments dominated over economic and informational, (4) negative matrix effects dominated over positive ones (protective forests, buffer zones, inaccessibility), which were restricted to former USSR and Costa Rica. Despite evidence-based knowledge about conservation targets, the importance of spatial segregation of conservation and use, and traditional knowledge, the trajectories for biodiversity conservation were generally negative.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01628-5. 相似文献
194.
Nathalie Colbach 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):348-360
195.
The digital workshop: exploring the use of interactive and immersive visualisation tools in participatory planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salter JD Campbell C Journeay M Sheppard SR 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(6):2090-2101
This paper examines the emerging role of digital tools in a collaborative planning process for British Columbia's Bowen Island. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 'digital workshop', combining the interactive CommunityViz tool with the immersive lab facilities at the Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning (CALP). In support of the larger community planning process, two 3-h workshops were held at CALP's Landscape Immersion Lab. To facilitate collaborative exploration, the interactive landscape visualisation and real-time data analysis capabilities of CommunityViz were employed to illustrate the possible outcomes of residential density policies for Bowen Island's Snug Cove community. The community planning workshops were structured to provide the 14 semi-expert participants with the opportunity to explore and discuss the contentious residential density components of the draft Snug Cove Village Plan. The abilities to dynamically explore the visualisations of the planning proposals, and to see real-time changes in indicator metrics were considered particularly informative, and appeared to increase participants' understanding of the plan. Written and verbal responses indicated, however, that there was insufficient time to examine and interact with the information during the workshop, suggesting a need to examine in greater depth how and when these tools might best be employed in collaborative settings. Current and future research relating to this project is discussed. 相似文献
196.
Sand-trapping fences modify the character of the coastal landscape and change its spatial structure, image, and meaning. This
paper examines the relationship between these changes and fence usage at the municipal level, where most decisions about fence
deployment are made. Use of fences in 29 municipalities on the developed coast of New Jersey is examined over a 6-year period.
Interviews with municipal officers indicate that wooden slat sand-trapping fences are used primarily to build dunes to provide
protection against wave uprush and flooding, but they are also used to control pedestrian traffic and demarcate territory.
These uses result in changes in landforms and habitats. An aerial video inventory of fences taken in 2002 indicates that 82%
of the shoreline had fences and 72% had dunes. Single and double straight fence rows are the most commonly used. Fences are
often built to accomplish a specific primary purpose, but they can cause many different and often unanticipated changes to
the landscape. The effects of a sand fence change through time as the initial structure traps sand, creates a dune that is
colonized by vegetation, and becomes integrated into the environment by increasing topographic variability and aesthetic and
habitat value. Sand fences can be made more compatible with natural processes by not placing them in locations where sources
of wind blown sand are restricted or in unnatural shore perpendicular orientations. Symbolic fences are less expensive, are
easy to replace when damaged, are less visually intrusive, and can be used for controlling pedestrian access. 相似文献
197.
Ecologists are beginning to recognize the effect of heterogeneity on structure and function in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
Additionally, the influences of temperature on ecosystems are widely documented, but landscape temperature patterns and relationships
with vegetation are rarely reported in ecological studies. To better understand the importance of temperature patterns to
the conservation and restoration of native ecosystems, we designed an experiment to investigate relationships among soil surface
temperature, landscape heterogeneity, and grazing intensity. Grazing intensity did influence the vegetation structure and
composition. Heavy treatments had the greatest bare ground and the least vertical structure. Ungrazed treatments had the most
litter and live grass cover. However, average temperatures among the three grazing treatments were not different and ranged
less than 2°C during midday summer periods. The temperature difference between riparian and upland landscapes within grazing
treatments was 21°C. Landscape position (riparian vs. upland) did have a significant influence on soil surface temperature
and produced a variation in temperature 11 times greater than grazing intensities. Thermal heterogeneity did not differ among
grazing treatments. Lower soil surface temperatures (associated with riparian areas) may provide a critical thermal refuge
for many animals in arid and semiarid ecosystems on hot summer days, when air temperatures can exceed 37°C. Riparian zones,
specifically riparian vegetation, are an important component in ecosystem management. 相似文献
198.
Mehrey G. Vaghti Marcel Holyoak Amy Williams Theresa S. Talley Alexander K. Fremier Steven E. Greco 《Environmental management》2009,43(1):28-37
Societal constraints often limit full process restoration in large river systems, making local rehabilitation activities valuable
for regeneration of riparian vegetation. A target of much mitigation and restoration is the federally threatened Valley elderberry
longhorn beetle and its sole host plant, blue elderberry, in upper riparian floodplain environments. However, blue elderberry
ecology is not well understood and restoration attempts typically have low success rates. We determined broad-scale habitat
characteristics of elderberry in altered systems and examined associated plant species composition in remnant habitat. We
quantified vegetation community composition in 139 remnant riparian forest patches along the Sacramento River and elderberry
stem diameters along this and four adjacent rivers. The greatest proportion of plots containing elderberry was located on
higher and older floodplain surfaces and in riparian woodlands dominated by black walnut. Blue elderberry saplings and shrubs
with stems <5.0 cm in diameter were rare, suggesting a lack of recruitment. A complex suite of vegetation was associated with
blue elderberry, including several invasive species which are potentially outcompeting seedlings for light, water, or other
resources. Such lack of recruitment places increased importance on horticultural restoration for the survival of an imperiled
species. These findings further indicate a need to ascertain whether intervention is necessary to maintain functional and
diverse riparian woodlands, and a need to monitor vegetative species composition over time, especially in relation to flow
regulation. 相似文献
199.
Conservation and protection of soil and water resources and visual aspects of landscape, as well as the promotion of biodiversity, are some of the central tasks of environmental policy development and social politics in the future. One of the main questions is: ‘which agricultural systems are able to guarantee sustained resource-conserving land use?’ Based on the ecological risk concepts of the 1970s and 1980s, a potential impact model was developed using a universal assessment algorithm derived from fuzzy logic. The model estimated the potential impact of agricultural land use on ecosystem function using a few resource indicators. Intervention intensities of agricultural land-use are set in relation to site conditions and aggregated for each of several defined potential impact categories. The interpretation with respect to risk and the calculation of potential impact values are explained. 相似文献
200.
Assessment of the contribution of land use pattern and intensity to landscape quality: use of a landscape indicator 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The objective of this research work is the evaluation of the impact of landuse pattern and intensity on landscape by means of an indicator. The method used to calculate a ‘landscape indicator’ (Iland) allows to take into account the objective as well as the subjective approach of landscape. Iland corresponds to the degree of agreement between landscape supply by farmers and landscape demand by the social groups. The supply and the demand are evaluated through four criteria: ‘diversity’, ‘upkeep’, ‘openness’ and ‘heritage’. The landscape supply is calculated from data of landscape objects (punctual, linear and spatial) for each criterion recorded at the field level. The values of the four criteria for the landscape demand are allocated by the user(s) of the indicator (decision makers, regional council, social groups…) into five classes (0–4). The value of the landscape indicator is the least favourable difference between supply and demand for the four criteria. An example of calculation of the ‘landscape indicator’ for an arable farm is given. The collection of data needs 2 h with the farmer and 2 h for a survey of the farm land. 相似文献