An examination of ecological risk assessment and management practices

Ecological risk assessment has grown and evolved since the 1980s, as have new challenges (e.g. global climate change, loss of habitat and biodiversity and the effects of multiple anthropogenic chemicals on ecological systems) that need to be factored into the risk assessment processes. There is also an on-going shift from evaluating adverse health impacts on particular, often small scale, environments to undertaking more complex ecological assessments of whole populations and communities across ecologically meaningful landscapes. These trends are generating an increased demand for much more complex ecological assessments, making it increasingly clear that to achieve its potential as a management tool, methods must be developed to apply ecological risk assessment to larger and more complex scales. This paper reviews the development of the ecological risk assessment paradigm in the United States, identifies ways it is being applied and adapted in other countries, explores future research needs and practice improvements, and examines current issues that need to be considered in taking forward the scientific development of ecological risk assessment as a useful environmental management tool.     

Smaller farm size and ruminant animals are associated with increased supply of non-provisioning ecosystem services

To balance trade-offs between livestock’s negative environmental impacts and their positive contributions (e.g. maintaining semi-natural grasslands, varied agricultural landscapes and crop rotations), a better understanding is needed of how the supply of ecosystem services differs across farms. We analysed a suite of indicators for non-provisioning ecosystem services on a large subset of Swedish farms (71% of farms, covering 82% of agricultural land) and related these to farm type, farm size and livestock density. The analysed indicators exhibited clear geographical patterns with hotspots especially in less productive regions. Controlling for this spatial variation we still found that small-scale and ruminant farms were associated with more varied landscapes, small-scale habitats, semi-natural grasslands and better crop sequences compared to nearby farms specialised in crop production, while farms specialising in monogastric livestock were associated with less varied landscapes and inferior crop sequences. Results for cultural ecosystem services indicated that farms with more semi-natural grassland were associated with more visitors and more likely located within designated recreation or nature conservation areas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01726-y.     

渤海重金属污染历史研究

１９７９－１９８５年用大口径静矸取样器采集了渤海２８柱示劝岩心样。采用＾２１０Ｐ年代学方法，通过柱样沉积物稳定天然密度资料获得沉积速度，沉积通量和岩心编年， 此提出了渤海车颗粒沉积物中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ环境背景值，探讨了渤海重点海域和毗邻河口区重金属污染历史。     

基于LUCC的露天矿区景观格局研究一以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例

露天矿区开发活动主要是在景观层次上进行,其直接导致土地利用／覆被变化（LandUse／Cover Change,LUCC）。本文以黑岱沟大型露天煤矿1987年、1990年、2000年及2010年4期遥感影像的土地利用数据为基础,基于GIS空间分析功能,以破碎度、分离度和优势度景观格局指数和景观类型脆弱度为指标,分析景观格局现状。研究显示：开发初期,耕地和草地虽有所减少,但所占面积保持在80％以上;生态恢复开始后,土地类型向林地和草地转移的面积逐渐增多。景观水平上分析显示,景观上破碎化程度加大,煤矿建设用地斑块面积逐年增大。从景观指数看,耕地、草地、未利用地的破碎度、分离度指数变化呈上升或不稳定状态,建设用地的破碎度和分离度指数有所减小;优势景观类型有所改变,建设用地对于区域景观的控制作用逐渐加强。     

石羊河流域经济发展与生态环境协调度评价

以石羊河流域117个乡(镇)为基本研究单元,借助流域1986、2000和2011年的Landsat TM解译数据和相关社会经济统计数据构建了ESV模型、EEH模型和AGPI模型,依据ESV指数和EEH指数揭示石羊河流域经济发展与生态环境系统的相关关系和演变特征.研究表明:①1986年以来石羊河流域生态系统服务功能价值呈小幅下降趋势,1986—2000年年均损失0.48%,2000—2011年年均损失0.27%.②1986年以来石羊河流域各乡镇经济发展较快,AGPI增长呈现从上游向下游转移的趋势,流域北部增长率明显高于南部.③石羊河流域经济与生态环境协调度在1986—2000年期间保持了原始和自然发展状态,经济发展与生态环境协调度较差.此后2000—2011年期间二者协调度有所改善,但石羊河流域经济与生态环境关系正处于矛盾多发且此消彼长的不稳定阶段,两极分化现象比较明显.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

景观多样性及其保护对策

景观多样性是生物多样性的重要组成，具有十分重要的自然历史，生态，社会和文化价值。人类活动的强烈干扰，对景观多样性产生了严重的威胁，一些有较高价值的景观正濒于退化，消失，保护景观多样性已成为环境保护的紧迫任务。     

The ethics of Google Earth: crossing thresholds from spatial data to landscape visualisation

‘Virtual globe’ software systems such as Google Earth are growing rapidly in popularity as a way to visualise and share 3D environmental data. Scientists and environmental professionals, many of whom are new to 3D modeling and visual communications, are beginning routinely to use such techniques in their work. While the appeal of these techniques is evident, with unprecedented opportunities for public access to data and collaborative engagement over the web, are there nonetheless risks in their widespread usage when applied in areas of the public interest such as planning and policy-making?     

吉林省生态系统服务价值变化研究

研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。论文以吉林省土地利用动态数据为基础,应用Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值系数,分析了土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,从1980年到2000年,吉林省草地、水域和湿地面积大量减少,其它类型土地面积在增加;由于耕地的生态价值系数相对较小,湿地和水域的生态价值系数较高,耕地面积的增加不能弥补由于湿地、水域减少造成的区域生态系统服务价值的整体下降,使得区域生态系统服务价值显著减少。吉林省生态系统服务价值从1980年的12365.14×106＄减少到2000年的10700.38×106＄,减少率为13.46%,净减少值为1664.76×106＄,总生态系统服务价值每年变化率为0.72%。