Application of Static Critical Load Models for Acidity to High Mountain Lakes in Europe

Critical load models for acidityprovide a measure of the sensitivity of surfacewaters to acid deposition, and can be used todetermine critical load exceedance and potentiallong-term harmful effects. Three static models,the Steady-State Water Chemistry model, diatommodel and First-order Acidity Balance model, arehere applied to 11 high mountain lakes in Norway,Scotland, the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Tatras.Between five and seven of the lakes show criticalload exceedance, depending on the model used.Nitrogen as well as sulphur deposition isimportant in causing exceedance. Since soil andvegetation cover are generally sparse, geologyand lake retention time appear to be key factorsin the determination of critical load. Retentionof nitrogen is observed, but it is unclearwhether this occurs within the lake or theterrestrial part of the catchment.     

层次分析法在闽南沿海山地混交林优化模式选择上的应用

采用层次分析法(AHP)对闽南沿海山地各混交经营模式进行层次决策选择,从层次选择模型和判断矩阵的构建入手,对评价因子和混交优化模式进行排序并经一致性检验,结果表明,所构建的判断矩阵的随机一致性比率=0.0646<0.10,总排序的=0.0516<0.10,均具有满意的一致性和可靠性,选择出的优化模式与现实生产实际相吻合,说明层次分析法在混交林经营模式的定量化选择上的应用是可行的.     

庐山研究的文献分析

通过检索庐山研究的电子文献，分析表明1994年后为庐山研究的高峰阶段。核心刊物发表的庐山研究文献相对较少，所占比例且呈逐渐下降的趋势。庐山研究文献的平均合作度和合著率较低，论文第一作者的分布具有广泛性和不均衡性特征，江西省由于地域上的优势而居发文量首位。科研院所是庐山研究的核心力量，庐山管理局以其优越的区位关系占据发文机构的首位。活跃作者群呈现出地域衰减规律，以江西九江为最高，逐次向省内的南昌以及周边省份扩散衰减。庐山研究文献的主题分布依次为文化景观类、旅游类、生物类、地质地貌类和生态环境类。庐山的研究应着力于建立的科学研究体系、培育和谐的研究群体和注重研究方法的创新。     

近50年内蒙古山洪灾害的规律及成因

在全面系统地统计分析近50年的内蒙古山洪灾害和降水资料的基础上,得出了内蒙古山洪灾害发生的时空分布特征周期变化规律和影响因子。研究表明内蒙古山洪灾害具有时间序列周期性和单峰型正态分布特征,主要发生期为每年7,8月份,7月中旬是山洪灾害的高峰期;每日13-15时是山洪灾害的高发时段。山洪灾害的空间变化受暴雨空间变化和山区、丘陵区分布的影响明显,在东西部地区各有一个中心。山洪灾害具有暴发突然、水量集中、影响范围大、经历时间短、灾害损失严重等特点。山洪灾害的发生是高强度暴雨与复杂的地质构造共同作用的结果,其中,全球气候变暖是山洪灾害增多的主导因素;生态环境和土地资源的破坏对山洪灾害的发生起到了推波助澜的作用。     

生态工程在湖垸湿地农业持续发展中的应用

湖垸是平原湖区农业生产的基本湿地单元。本文通过对江汉平原四湖地区的一个典型湖垸──新兴垸湿地农业开发的调查与分析，指出必须在湖垸微地貌基础上建设拦蓄和疏导并举的农田水利工程设施，因地制宜布局农业生产模式，发展沼气促进湖垸湿地生态系统物质能量的多级循环利用，保护与合理利用湿地资源，同时肯定并强调生态工程的应用是湖垸湿地农业持续发展的必由之路     

Trophy hunters’ willingness to pay for wildlife conservation and community benefits

In the face of fundamental land‐use changes, the potential for trophy hunting to contribute to conservation is increasingly recognized. Trophy hunting can, for example, provide economic incentives to protect wildlife populations and their habitat, but empirical studies on these relationships are few and tend to focus on the effects of benefit‐sharing schemes from an ex post perspective. We investigated the conditions under which trophy hunting could facilitate wildlife conservation in Ethiopia ex ante. We used a choice experiment approach to survey international trophy hunters’ (n = 224) preferences for trips to Ethiopia, here operationalized as trade‐offs between different attributes of a hunting package, as expressed through choices with an associated willingness to pay. Participants expressed strong preferences and, consequently, were willing to pay substantial premiums for hunting trips to areas with abundant nontarget wildlife where domestic livestock was absent and for arrangements that offered benefit sharing with local communities. For example, within the range of percentages considered in the survey, respondents were on average willing to pay an additional $3900 for every 10 percentage points of the revenue being given to local communities. By contrast, respondents were less supportive of hunting revenue being retained by governmental bodies: Willingness to pay decreased by $1900 for every 10 percentage points of the revenue given to government. Hunters’ preferences for such attributes of hunting trips differed depending on the degree to which they declared an interest in Ethiopian culture, nature conservation, or believed Ethiopia to be politically unstable. Overall, respondents thus expressly valued the outcomes of nature conservation activities—the presence of wildlife in hunting areas—and they were willing to pay for them. Our findings highlight the usefulness of insights from choice modeling for the design of wildlife management and conservation policies and suggest that trophy hunting in Ethiopia could generate substantially more financial support for conservation and be more in line with conservation objectives than is currently the case.     

贵州喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素

喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水是喀斯特地区水文及生态环境的重要影响因素。研究喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布及其规律对贵州喀斯特地区控制水土流失、防治石漠化、恢复生态环境具有重要的理论和实际意义。选取贵州普定县岩溶区内典型的喀斯特峰丛山体,利用时域反射（TDR）测定山体不同位置在不同植被覆盖、地形、土壤特征及岩石分布下的土壤含水率,分析喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明：各种土地利用类型的山体土壤含水率总体由山体上部向下逐渐减小,土壤含水率随埋深加大显著增加,随坡度的增加而减小。总体上植被覆盖地带土壤含水率高于裸露土壤,相同条件下,林地、低矮灌丛、草地对土壤持水性的影响依次减小。岩石上覆土层较厚时,土壤含水率较高;土层浅薄时,土壤含水率偏低.     

中国西南典型山地城市环境宜居性评价 ——以重庆市两江新区城区为例

城市环境宜居性评价对推动城市品质提升、功能优化有十分重要的意义.通过分析山地城市自然环境和人文环境的复杂特性,构建了涉及自然环境、人文便利性、人文舒适性、人文健康性、人文安全性5方面10个指标的城市环境宜居性评价体系.在此基础上,以重庆市两江新区城区为研究对象,通过评价指标计算、分级、赋权等工作,对城市环境宜居性进行了...     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Estimating the benefits and costs to mountain bikers of changes in trail characteristics,access fees,and site closures: choice experiments and benefits transfer

Mountain biking is an increasingly popular leisure pursuit. Consequences are trail degradation and conflicts with hikers and other users. Resource managers often attempt to resolve these problems by closing trails to mountain biking. In order to estimate the impact of these developments, a model has been devised that predicts the effects of changes in trail characteristics and introduction of access fees, and correlates these with biker preference on trail selection. It estimates each individual's per-ride consumer's surplus associated with implementing different policies. The surplus varies significantly as a function of each individual's gender, budget, and interest in mountain biking. Estimation uses stated preference data, specifically choice experiments. Hypothetical mountain bike trails were created and each surveyed biker was asked to make five pair-wise choices. A benefit-transfer simulation is used to show how the model and parameter estimates can be transferred to estimate the benefits and costs to mountain bikers in a specific area.