锑矿区酸性岩排水产生潜力预测研究

酸性岩排水(ARD)潜力预测研究对于预防、控制和治理金属矿山环境污染问题具有重要意义。本文应用酸碱估算法(ABA)和净产酸测试法(NAG),对贵州独山半坡锑矿区的19个代表性样品进行了产酸潜力评价,并应用各种分类标准对样品进行产酸能力分类。研究结果表明,所有的(废)矿石样品都具有产酸潜力(PAF),需要对(废)矿石进行有效的防控,以阻止酸性岩排水的产生。围岩样品的产酸潜力取决于采样点,尾矿样品没有产酸潜力(NAF)。ABA和NAG测试结果表明NAPP和NAGpH分类评价法适用于本研究区内样品ARD的预测评估。     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

井下采煤影响矿区坡面形态及侵蚀的数值模拟分析

针对井下采煤产生的大范围岩移必然最终改变原有地表形态并影响坡面侵蚀特征及规律这一特殊性,从井下与地表相结合的新视角,结合彬长矿区水土流失特征和典型煤矿采矿条件,以采厚、地表坡面坡度等因素为变量,构建了20个不同类型的数值模型,通过数值模拟方法研究并揭示井下采煤对地表坡面形态及侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明,第一,地表坡面坡度会随采厚增加而呈现增大的趋势,且自然坡度越大,坡度变化量越大;相同采厚条件下,坡度增大率与坡面自然坡度整体上呈负相关。第二,地表坡面坡长会随采厚增加而呈现减小的趋势,且自然坡度越小,坡长变化量越大;随采厚增加,地表坡面坡长减小率与自然坡度呈先正相关后负相关的关系,自然坡度为26.57°是拐点。第三,采厚的增加会提高地表坡面产流产沙的强度,加剧坡面侵蚀,这种效应在坡度较小的坡面更加显著;井下采煤引起地表坡面坡度的增大是产生这一规律的主因。     

露天采矿过程粉尘产生环节及污染治理措施分析研究

粉尘是露天采矿过程的主要污染物之一,露天采矿中粉尘要达到环保要求,需要从生产过程中的凿岩、爆破、装卸、运输、堆存各环节进行污染控制.采用对上述各生产环节中的粉尘产生原理进行分析的方法,找出各个生产环节粉尘的主要产生点,通过对比前人在各个生产环节粉尘控制的研究成果,找出控制粉尘产生的主要影响因素,总结出露天采矿中各个环节上技术经济上最有效的粉尘防治措施,为露天矿山开采污染防治提供系统的解决方案.通过对前人研究成果的总结,汇总形成一套完善的粉尘控制方案.     

典型Pb/Zn矿区土壤重金属污染特征与Pb同位素源解析

以我国典型的铅锌矿区——湖南水口山铅锌矿区及其周围地区为研究对象,分析自然土壤(A层和C层)样品中不同重金属(Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Hg)的污染特征和Pb同位素组成.结果表明,受铅锌选矿和冶炼活动的影响,研究区域A层土壤明显受到重金属的污染,尤其是在中心区域(水口山矿区),土壤中Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Hg含量最高达3966.88、 2086.25、 135.31、 185.63、 56.15、 16.434 mg/kg;受原生地质环境的影响,C层土壤重金属含量虽然变化很大,但基本反映土壤背景值.土壤中不同重金属的潜在生态危害大小顺序为Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn=Cr.中心区域多重金属综合潜在生态危害明显高于周围区域,其34%、 33%、 11%、 22%的采样点分别属于轻微、中等、强和很强生态危害,而周围区域属于轻微、中等、强和很强生态危害的采样点比例分别为68%、 16%、 10%、 6%.与C层Pb同位素相比(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb为1.168～1.246,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为2.014～2.130),由于人为Pb源的污染A层土壤中²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值(1.166～1.226)低而²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb值(2.043～2.135)高.与铅锌选矿、冶炼废水和烟尘中Pb同位素比值对比表明,A层土壤铅污染主要来自于冶炼厂烟气粉尘的沉降.     

综采工作面人员操作可靠性与割煤机运行方式的选择与分析

应用人机工程及可靠性理论,分析了连续作业时间和割煤机运行方式对综采工作面人员操作可靠性的影响,建立了割煤机运行方式的优化模型。根据模型所选择的割煤机运行方式,既能提高工作面产量,也能提高人员操作可靠性,有利于综采工作面高效安全生产     

创建矿业安全卫生法 保护矿工生命健康权

通过对比分析可知,现行《矿山安全法》的根本目的不是矿山职业安全,而是为了矿山生产安全和促进采矿业发展,并且缺少保护矿工健康权的规定。民国时期的《矿场法》属于可以继承的矿业安全与健康立法,并有多数国家制定的《矿业安全与健康法》可供借鉴。可以得出结论:以效率为本向以人为本的转变和落实,必须依靠法律制度的固定和保障;人们健康安全需要层次的提升是制度变迁的动因;我国缺乏保障矿工基本人权的《矿业安全与健康法》而出现制度断层。     

基于体制视角的煤矿矿难成因及对策研究

对国内外煤矿安全事故的成因进行回顾。通过理论与实践研究发现,影响我国煤矿矿难发生的各项因素只是表象,其更深层次的原因是体制层面的问题。分别从计划经济体制、市场经济体制以及双重体制角度对我国煤矿矿难的成因进行分析,指出计划经济体制导致了煤矿企业积极性不高和安全投入不足;以市场资源配置和利益驱动为导向的市场经济体制使得煤矿企业人才严重缺乏、超能力生产严重、安全管理不严和违规操作频发;双重经济体制共同作用引致了我国煤矿行业的监管不力。针对体制对我国煤矿带来的问题,分别从管理机制、安全投入、福利待遇和监管体制等方面给出治理煤矿矿难的政策建议和意见。     

Considering climate change and regional differences: An efficiency assessment of coal mine use and land restoration

China is the country with the largest coal mining production and consumption in the world, but due to a large amount of coal burning, air pollution and climate change are exasperating related problems. The previous literature mainly has discussed coal mine production and environmental pollution, but failed to take into account external factors such as climate change and seldom discussed the relationship between coal mine land use and land restoration. Therefore, this study uses the meta-Epsilon-Based Measure two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis under the exogenous model and incorporates coal mine land use and land restoration use into the model to explore the relationship between the two under climate change. The research results are as follows. (1) If the external climate factors are not considered, then the phenomenon of overestimation or underestimation of the technology gap arises. (2) The efficiency value of the coal mining stage in most provinces is generally higher than the land restoration efficiency value.     

How does eliminating mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining lead to achieving sustainable development goals?

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the principal anthropogenic activity that globally contributes to overloading our environment with mercury. Although the Minamata Convention, led by the United Nations, is a crucial instrument to eliminate its use progressively, novel approaches to accelerate this difficult transition are welcome. This article proposes a framework for policy-making or improvement, fostering the enforcement of mercury elimination through the lens of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on the excluded artisanal and small-scale gold miners and their dependents. We move forward with a literature review of the Artisanal and Small Mining topic, taking each SDG as a unit of analysis. Understanding the problem as a puzzle of four sets of pieces, namely: (1) social, (2) environmental, (3) economic, and (4) institutional, the paper offers potential opportunities for the decision-makers and practitioners to accelerate the substitution of this heavy metal and develop sustainable futures for the ASGM communities. We conclude by proposing a pragmatic framework that synthesizes the means, actions, and ends to accelerate a sustainable transition.