巷道蝶叶塑性区顶板冒落特征与层次支护研究

针对巷道蝶叶塑性区顶板破坏深度大、变形剧烈、冒顶事故频发等问题,综合现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟等方法,考虑巷道顶板不同服务阶段的变形破坏特点,研究分析了巷道顶板破坏失稳机理和不同层位顶板的控制要点,提出了以冒顶控制为主的顶板层次控制技术,阐明了辅助支护材料、普通长度锚杆、接长锚杆、长锚索对不同层位顶板的层次控制原理。据此,在保德矿81306工作面回采巷道蝶叶塑性区顶板进行了层次支护设计,并进行了顶板下沉量和接长锚杆支护力监测,结果表明:以冒顶控制为主的巷道顶板层次支护体系较好的维护了顶板整体稳定,保证了巷道安全与正常服务。     

The Influence of Anchor Devices on the Performance of Retractable Type Fall Arresters Protecting Against Falls From a Height

Retractable type fall arresters are part of the equipment used for protecting people against falls from a height. They are an intermediate part between full body harness worn by a man and the structural anchor at the worksite. The most important task of retractable type fall arresters is to arrest people’s falls and to reduce their harmful consequences. Information received from users as well as laboratories testing protective equipment indicates that the performance of such equipment is incorrect under specific conditions. The paper is concerned with an analysis of the conditions in which retractable type fall arresters demonstrate intermittent performance and with an explanation of that phenomenon. The results of tests investigating anchor devices and the performance of retractable type fall arresters are presented. External and internal factors contributing to intermittent performance have been determined and guidelines for safer use of these devices have been developed.     

内蒙古农业灌区夏、秋浇的氮磷流失变化

通过对内蒙古农业灌区引黄灌溉的2次主要大规模灌溉（夏浇、秋浇）的跟踪监测,研究了农业灌区的氮磷流失情况.分析了2次灌溉期的各引水渠和排水渠中总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH4＋-N）、硝氮（NO3--N）、总磷（TP）、溶解性无机磷（DIP）、溶解性有机磷（DOP）、颗粒磷（PP）的变化情况.研究表明：夏浇时,由于植物吸收、灌水量小等因素,基本不产生污染.而秋浇期间,由于灌水量大、土地裸露成为非点源污染产生的主要时期.在对第8排域的TN、TP的连续监测中发现,排干沟中的总氮总磷含量基本维持在4.16mg.L^-1和0.1725mg.L^-1,且氮为主要的污染控制因子;排干沟中的N/P为24,排入乌梁素海中极易引起水华发生.结合河套农业灌区的自然条件、耕作方式等因素,综合分析了河套灌区在夏浇及秋浇时期的非点源污染产生过程及污染特点.为该地区非点源污染管理和控制提供科学依据.     

Falls and fall prevention programmes in developing countries: environmental scan for the adaptation of the Canadian Falls prevention curriculum for developing countries

Problem

Falls in older persons in developing countries are poorly understood, and falls prevention and health promotion programmes for this population are largely lacking.

Methods

A systematic review was carried out of relevant literature on falls and prevention programmes, and falls prevention education, and a scan undertaken of health promotion programmes for older persons in a representative country - South Africa.

Results

Studies on the risk and prevalence of falls are largely retrospective and hospital-based, with varied methodology, including study period, sampling method and sample size. Falls prevalence is based largely on self-reports in studies on general trauma in all age groups. Falls incidence varies from 10.1% to 54%. No reports could be traced on sustained falls prevention or health promotion programmes.

Conclusion

Scant research has been conducted and little preventive education offered on falls in older persons. Adaptation of the Canadian Falls Prevention Curriculum for developing countries will help to fill gaps in knowledge and practice.

Impact on industry

With rapid increase in the populations of older persons in developing countries, research on age related disorders such as falls is required to guide policy and management of falls.     

Analysis and decomposition of condensed tannins in tree leaves

The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts, to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks.     

车辆限行对道路和施工扬尘排放的影响

采用降尘法对道路和施工扬尘排放进行连续监测,通过限行之前和限行期间数据分析,研究了“好运北京”体育赛事期间机动车交通限行措施对道路和施工扬尘的消减情况、道路和施工扬尘对北京大气环境颗粒物的贡献率、道路和施工扬尘源占本地颗粒物排放总量的比重.结果表明,车辆限行措施对降低道路和施工扬尘的效果明显;环路限行期间降尘量平均值为0.27 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前1个月和限行之前7d降尘量平均值为0.81和0.59 g·(m²·d)^-1,主干道和次干道限行期间降尘量平均值为0.21 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前1个月和限行之前7 d降尘量平均值为0.54和0.58 g·(m²·d)^-1,道路降尘量下降了60%～70%;限行期间民用建筑施工降尘量平均值为0.27 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前20 d为1.15 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行期间公用建筑施工降尘量平均值为1.06 g·(m²·d)^-1,限行之前20 d为1.55 g·(m²·d)^-1,施工降尘下降30%～47%;道路和施工扬尘是北京市颗粒物污染的主要来源,其对环境PM₁₀的贡献率为21%～36%;当本地污染源PM₁₀排放量占环境总量的50%和70%时,道路和施工扬尘PM₁₀排放量分别占本地污染源的42%～72%和30%～51%.     

昆山市夏秋季节大气PM2.5中水溶性无机阴离子的污染特征

对昆山市区域7个点位夏秋季的5中水溶性无机阴离子(SO2-4、NO-3、NO-2、Cl-、F-)的污染特征进行了调查,结果表明,昆山市夏季大气PM2.5中5种离子平均值排序为:ρ(SO2-4)ρ(Cl-)ρ(NO-3)ρ(F-)ρ(NO-2);秋季平均值排序为:ρ(SO2-4)ρ(NO-3)ρ(Cl-)ρ(F-)ρ(NO-2)。SO2-4、NO-3和Cl-3者的总量在PM2.5中占比20%。除F-以外各区域离子的平均值秋季比夏季要高。ρ(NO-3)/ρ(SO2-4)表明,固定污染源在昆山市大气颗粒物污染中仍然占很大比重,但大部分测点的比值接近1,说明移动源也是昆山大气颗粒物的重要污染源。     

弱势人群社区居家安全现状分析及预防策略

为减少弱势人群居家安全伤害事故,采用分析法对某街道社区的医疗伤害监测系统数据进行分析,结合对儿童的问卷调查。结果显示,这个街道老年人、残疾人发生伤害事故比例最高的是跌倒,分析发生伤害的原因,除其身体因素外,缺乏居家安全防护设施及相适应的辅助工具是主要原因;儿童伤害主要是由于缺乏安全知识和好奇心导致。通过有针对性的对老人、儿童、残疾人的安全知识宣传和居家安全设施的改善可以降低伤害事故率。     

Leaf size and surface characteristics of Betula papyrifera exposed to elevated CO2 and O3

Betula papyrifera trees were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO₂ (1.4 × ambient), O₃ (1.2 × ambient) or CO₂ + O₃ at the Aspen Free-air CO₂ Enrichment Experiment. The treatment effects on leaf surface characteristics were studied after nine years of tree exposure. CO₂ and O₃ increased epidermal cell size and reduced epidermal cell density but leaf size was not altered. Stomatal density remained unaffected, but stomatal index increased under elevated CO₂. Cuticular ridges and epicuticular wax crystallites were less evident under CO₂ and CO₂ + O₃. The increase in amorphous deposits, particularly under CO₂ + O_3, was associated with the appearance of elongated plate crystallites in stomatal chambers. Increased proportions of alkyl esters resulted from increased esterification of fatty acids and alcohols under elevated CO₂ + O₃. The combination of elevated CO₂ and O₃ resulted in different responses than expected under exposure to CO₂ or O₃ alone.