上海市降尘自动监测系统研发与应用

大气降尘量是重要的环境指标之一,可以较客观地反映和评价城市局部地区扬尘污染水平,对评价城市区域环境空气质量、分析大气污染来源和变化具有重要意义。国内外大气降尘监测普遍采用传统的手工监测方法,手工法因时效性差、效率低、能耗大、质控难、误差大等原因已不适应现代环境管理的需求。随着科技与网络的发展,自动监测方法成为发展趋势。文章主要阐述了上海市降尘自动监测技术的研发过程及实际应用,介绍了自主研发的降尘自动监测仪的原理、关键技术和系统组成。通过粉尘舱内实验、降尘自动监测方法与手工重量法比对测试及为期一年的试点应用,分析了降尘自动监测方法的精密度、准确度、相对误差及适用性,并探讨了降尘自动监测的应用前景。     

Root uptake of lead by Norway spruce grown on Pb spiked soils

The root uptake of lead (Pb) by trees and the transfer of Pb by leaf litter deposition to the forest floor were investigated through a pot experiment with Norway spruce. Natural Pb and radio isotopic lead (²¹⁰Pb) were determined in needles and twigs and in the pot soil spiked with ²¹⁰Pb. Calculations of the specific activity in plant material and in the supporting pot soil showed that less than 2% of the Pb content of needles and twigs originates from root uptake and approximately 98% are deposited from the atmosphere. Atmospheric Pb has declined by a factor of 7 from 1980 to 2007 but is still a major pathway of Pb to vegetation and topsoils. The conclusion from the experiment is that the internal circulation of Pb through root uptake, translocation and litterfall, gives an insignificant input of Pb to the forest floor compared to atmospheric deposition.     

Acquired changes in stomatal characteristics in response to ozone during plant growth and leaf development of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicate phenotypic plasticity

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars.     

兰州城市土壤磁性特征及其对环境污染的指示

对兰州市城区117个表土样品和11个土壤剖面的磁学特征进行系统分析,结果表明:兰州市表土磁化率平均值为219.23×10-8m3/kg,低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主要载磁矿物.磁铁矿的高值主要集中在以下4个区域:(1)以兰州铝厂、西固火电厂为中心的工业区域;(2)以水上公园为中心的区域;(3)西北物资市场-西站-小西湖-西关-城关大桥沿线的狭长条带状区域;(4)以雁儿湾和兰东建材市场、皮革厂为中心的区域.对不同功能区而言,西固区和城关区磁性矿物浓度最高,安宁区磁性矿物浓度最低.土壤剖面结果显示,上部20cm,clf和SIRM显著升高;20cm以下,clf和SIRM稳定且较低,说明兰州市土壤污染的纵向迁移深度在20cm以内.兰州市表土、街道尘埃、大气降尘和河道沉积物相对无污染样品而言,都具有磁性矿物类型单一,以磁铁矿为主导的特征;并且都随着磁化率的升高,出现百分频率磁化率降低的趋势,显示出与无污染样品不同的特性.因此,运用环境磁学方法在城市环境下开展大规模、高分辨率的污染研究,可以快速、便捷、有效的提供污染分布信息.     

抚顺市降水化学组份特征分析

对 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 3月抚顺市的降水化学组份及时空分布特征进行了分析。抚顺地区降水是以硫酸型污染为主。抚顺市降水中主要阳离子组份是Ca2 + 、NH4 + ,主要阴离子组份是SO4 2 - 和NO3- 。由多元逐步回归分析可知抚顺市降水中NO3- 是酸化剂 ,Ca2 + 是碱化剂 ,对方程起作用的因子大小顺序是Ca2 + >Na+ >NO3- 。     

秋浇对内蒙古农业灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响

通过对内蒙古农业灌区一年中水量最大的一次灌溉（秋浇）期间,灌、排水干渠和农田土壤中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）以及有机磷（OP）进行分析监测,考察了秋浇对灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响.研究表明,秋浇使灌区土壤水分得到极大地补充,促进了土壤磷元素的溶解.由于灌溉引水中携带了大量泥沙,附着了较高含量的颗粒态磷（PP）,并沉积在农田土壤中,使灌区土壤总磷含量略有升高,排水中总磷浓度降低.原有土壤中有机磷在碱性环境中与土壤中钙离子形成难溶性盐类,促进反应平衡向有机磷增加的方向进行,使灌区有机磷含量大幅增加.同时,在周期较长的淹灌期间,土壤潮湿的厌氧环境增强,促进了厌氧微生物对溶解态磷的吸收利用,将其转变成有机态磷,因而在灌区土壤和排水中有机磷含量均有显著提高.     

酸雨和降尘对菜青虫生长和取食行为的影响

通过室内模拟试验探讨了酸雨、降尖及其复合污染对菜青虫生长发育和取食行为的影响。结果表明，直接处理对菜青虫有明显的抑制作用，而间接处理则有促进作用。试验发现，在受污染的植物体内有糖分与蛋白质积累现象，这是造成虫害加重的主要原因之一。     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

An expert system for the quantification of fault rates in construction fall accidents

Introduction. Expert witness reports, prepared with the aim of quantifying fault rates among parties, play an important role in a court's final decision. However, conflicting fault rates assigned by different expert witness boards lead to iterative objections raised by the related parties. This unfavorable situation mainly originates due to the subjectivity of expert judgments and unavailability of objective information about the causes of accidents. As a solution to this shortcoming, an expert system based on a rule-based system was developed for the quantification of fault rates in construction fall accidents. The aim of developing DsSafe is decreasing the subjectivity inherent in expert witness reports. Methodology. Eighty-four inspection reports prepared by the official and authorized inspectors were examined and root causes of construction fall accidents in Turkey were identified. Using this information, an evaluation form was designed and submitted to the experts. Experts were asked to evaluate the importance level of the factors that govern fall accidents and determine the fault rates under different scenarios. Based on expert judgments, a rule-based expert system was developed. The accuracy and reliability of DsSafe were tested with real data as obtained from finalized court cases. Result. DsSafe gives satisfactory results.     

国家标准GB/T23469-2009《坠落防护 连接器》解读

国家标准GB/T 24569-2009《坠落防护连接器》规定了连接器的一般要求、技术性能、测试方法及标识。本文从标准适用范围、连接器分类、一般要求、技术性能等方面对该标准进行了解读,并结合我国连接器近些年的发展现状简述了标准对行业的推动作用,以加深相关方对该标准的理解和重视,促进其在连接器生产及检测方面的指导作用。