Retrieving leaf area index for coniferous forest in Xingguo County, China with Landsat ETM+ images

Spatial distributions of the leaf area index (LAI) needed for carbon cycle modeling in Xingguo County, China were estimated based on correlations between the field-measurements and vegetation indices (VIs). After making geometric and atmospheric corrections to two Landsat ETM+ images, one in January 2000 and the other in May 2003, three VIs (SR, NDVI, and RSR) were derived, and their separate correlations with ground LAI measurements were established. The correlation with RSR was the highest among the three VIs. The retrieved LAI values for January 2000 were lower than those for May 2003 because of a small seasonal variation in the coniferous forests (predominantly masson pine) and the decrease in the understorey vegetation during winter.     

Phytocapping: An alternative technique to reduce leachate and methane generation from municipal landfills

Avoiding percolation of water into refuse is the key function of landfill covers. ‘Phytocapping’ has been considered as an effective, economical and environment-friendly technique for landfill remediation. In this technique, trees are established on a layer of soil cap placed over the refuse. Soil cover acts as a ‘storage’ and trees act as ‘bio-pump and filters’. For effective functioning of this technique, it is critical that an ‘optimum’ depth of soil is placed over the refuse, and ‘suitable’ plant species are used as plant cover. Preliminary results of a phytocapping trial (using 21 tree species and two depths of soil layers) show that the established trees can remove more water than that received via rainfall and rainfall interception can reduce up to 20% of the rain reaching the soil in a 1.5 year old plantation. The study is also trialling an US numeric model ‘STOMP’ (Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases), to calculate daily water balance, to identify suitable plant species and to optimise thickness of the soil cover to be used in phytocapping.     

落差指数法的Matlab实现及其在大通水文站的应用

河流水位与流量的关系曲线常表现为单一或复式绳套,而对流量进行单值化处理后,则可获得与水位之间确定的函数关系,从而可以提高在受潮汐影响时推流精度,为实际工作中的水文资料整编带来可靠方法.在明确落差指数法数学原理的基础上,编写了相应的Matlab函数datong_Q.m.并且以大通水文站2008年-2012年实测的水位和流量为例,获得该段时期内的对应参数.与目前工作中采用的连时序法相比,单值化方法在结果精确的同时,还具有求解方便、计算快捷等特点,因而具有较强的实际应用价值.     

大气干湿沉降对城市景观水体水质影响的评价

选择上海城市化地区的绿地、水体、道路、工地及空中5个类型的环境区域,定期收集大气干湿沉降。测定其大气沉降通量及CODCr、TN、TP的沉降量,并计算分析了其对城市景观水体水质的影响。研究结果表明：在仅受大气干湿沉降影响的条件下,水质处于地表水V类中值、水深为0.5m、1.0m、1.5m和2.0m的城市景观水体,经过28d、54d、83d和214d即可转变为劣V类水体。通过实例分析,提出了应对大气干湿沉降影响的水质保持措施。研究成果为城市景观水体的水质保育提供了评价依据与借鉴。     

速差自控器动态性能试验方法的改进

为施工人员选择和配置安全可靠的个人防坠器,每年送到具有相应资质的检测单位进行强制检定,是防止高处坠落事故的重要手段。某型速差自控器在冲击试验中发生了钢丝绳断裂事故,为了查找和分析事故的真正原因,对不同厂家的速差自控器抽样,在相同试验方法和检测条件下进行冲击试验,并根据相关的标准对试验结果进行力学性能对比分析研究,找到了造成钢丝绳断裂事故的主要原因是该类型速差自控器使用的钢丝绳直径偏细以及缺少内部或外部缓冲器,研究中还发现部分国内标准技术要求不够明确,制造、检测和使用方对速差自控器相关标准理解存在偏差,是造成本次事故的间接原因。针对现有的部分速差自控器产品存在的质量问题,并根据现行最新标准和实际工作条件,提出改进了的检测方法和防范措施,从源头上防范坠落事故。     

A model for measuring leaf growth rate of vegetative shoot in the seagrass, Zostera marina

A new model for determining leaf growth in vegetative shoots of the seagrass Zostera marina (eelgrass) is described. This model requires the weights of individual mature and immature whole leaves and leaf plastochrone interval (P_L) as parameters, differing from the conventional leaf marking technique (CLM) that requires cutting and separation between new and old tissue of leaves. The techniques required for the model are the same as for the plastochrone method, but the parameters differ between both methods in use of the weight of individual immature leaves. In a mesocosm study, eelgrass growth was examined, and parameters for the new model and plastochrone method (the weights of individual mature and immature leaves and P_L) were measured. Leaf growth rate was measured using the CLM and determined by the new method and the plastochrone method. The results were then compared between the CLM, the new model, and the plastochrone method. The results obtained with the new model were similar to those obtained with the CLM. However, the results of the plastochrone method differed from those of the CLM, while the weight of immature leaves varied seasonally. The new model was also used to determine leaf growth in a natural eelgrass bed in Mikawa Bay, Japan, and revealed the growth rates in all shoots and those of different ages. This method would be advantageous as an accurate means of direct measurement in fieldwork, and should therefore be a useful tool for monitoring seagrass growth.     

天水市大气降尘组成特征及表面电性模拟研究

对甘肃省天水市麦积镇大气降尘粒度分布及主要矿物组成进行了分析,并以实际降尘ζ电位作为参照,根据降尘中主要矿物组成的质量百分比,提出了计算法和混合法两种模拟大气降尘在水溶液中表面电性的方法.结果表明,麦积地区大气降尘属于可吸入颗粒粒度尺寸范畴,其主要矿物组成与质量含量为：石英（57.08%）、方解石（27.79%）、钠长石（10.29%）、白云母（4.84%）. 大气降尘在纯水中呈电负性,且ζ电位随着水溶液pH增加而减小.通过对比实际降尘与拟合方法所得到的ζ电位,发现两种拟合方式与实际降尘的ζ电位具有相似的变化趋势.降尘中矿物组成主导着降尘表面电位的大小和变化趋势,其对降尘表面电位的贡献率是最主要的.     

典型生态脆弱区水库周边大气降尘重金属风险评价及APCS-MLR模型溯源

为评估生态脆弱区大气中重金属的健康风险状况及污染来源,以锡林郭勒盟大河口水库周边为研究区,2021~2022年对布设的12个大气降尘监测点进行为期1a的采集工作,共收集到样品144份,测定Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、As和Cd共8种重金属的含量,运用潜在生态指数（E_rⁱ）和健康风险评价模型评估大气中重金属对生态安全和人体健康的风险水平,利用富集因子分析法,主成分分析法及绝对主成分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型定性与定量地解析研究区大气重金属污染来源.结果表明：①研究区全年大气降尘重金属综合潜在生态风险均值属于强生态风险,各重金属元素中仅Cd元素处于极高风险程度,其余均为轻微风险.②健康风险评价结果表明,手口途径和皮肤接触途径摄入是引起非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径,儿童在个别月份存在非致癌风险与可接受的致癌风险,其中As元素是非致癌风险与致癌风险的主要贡献来源.③通过富集因子分析、主成分分析和APCS-MLR受体模型计算表明：风沙扬尘源占比最大,为37.82%,煤炭燃烧与交通源对Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的贡献率分别为：73.01%、40.22%、70.31%和32.82%;采矿活动对As贡献率为42.59%;工业源对Cd元素的贡献率为22.01%;人类其他活动源对Cd、As、Pb和Zn的贡献分别为：21.12%、34.40%、23.04%和32.15%.     

典型工业城市中小学降尘重金属风险评估和源解析研究

典型工业城市存在着教育区和工业区交错分布的现象,周围企业产生的降尘将直接对学校儿童健康产生危害。本文以中原地区的典型工业城市—焦作市为研究对象,通过采集焦作市6所中小学校30个降尘样,开展重金属污染特征、健康风险评价和源解析研究。结果表明,采样学校降尘中重金属Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Cr、Ni的浓度均超过了相应的土壤背景值,尤其是Pb和Zn超标达6.31和5.66倍;各金属元素地累积指数值由大到小依次为Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、As、Cr、Co和Mn,其中Co、Mn属于无污染,Cu、As、Cr属于无污染-中度污染,Zn、Ni属于中度污染,Pb属于中度污染-强污染;通过手-口摄入重金属的非致癌风险要高于其他两种摄入途径;总非致癌风险排序为Mn>Cr>As>Pb>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn,其中Mn、Cr、As的非致癌风险均大于1,对儿童存在非致癌健康风险;各采样学校的非致癌风险顺序为杨庄小学>人民中学>万方小学>光明中学>希望小学>塔南路小学;As、Ni、Cr、Co的致癌风险均不高于安全阈值,致癌风险均在可接受范围之内;PMF源解析显示该研究区域降尘中重金属的主要来源为燃煤工业排放(32.5%)>汽车排放(25.7%)>工业制造(25.2%)>道路和工业降尘(16.7%)。