天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5和PM10中碳组分特征

为研究天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳组分特征,丰富道路降尘的成分谱库,于2015年3月22日-5月23日在天津市主干道、次干道、支路、快速路和环线5种道路类型道路两侧采集道路降尘样品,通过再悬浮装置得到PM_2.5和PM₁₀的滤膜样品,并用热光碳分析仪测定PM_2.5和PM₁₀中OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）的百分含量,利用两相关样本非参数检验、OC/EC比值法以及相关分析法,定性分析天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5和PM₁₀的碳组分的特征及其主要来源;利用因子分析法,进一步分析道路降尘PM_2.5和PM₁₀的主要来源.结果表明:道路降尘PM_2.5中w（OC）为10.27%（主干道）~13.94%（快速路）、w（EC）为1.24%（支路）~1.77%（环线）,PM₁₀中w（OC）为8.48%（主干道）~12.56%（快速路）、w（EC）为1.01%（次干道）~1.59%（快速路）,可见快速路中碳组分含量相对较高,这可能与其车流量较大,导致道路扬尘和机动车尾气排放量较大有关,也可能与其路面保养及保洁状况有关.对于大部分碳组分而言,其在PM_2.5中的百分含量均高于PM₁₀;除EC2,其他碳组分在PM_2.5和PM₁₀间均无显著性差异.不同道路类型PM_2.5和PM₁₀中OC/EC的大小顺序基本相同,与其车质量变化趋势相反.道路降尘中PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源于道路扬尘、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧以及燃煤源的混合源,PM₁₀主要受道路扬尘、燃煤和柴油车尾气等污染源的影响.      

道路环境颗粒物浓度空间分布研究

由于交通扬尘和车辆尾气排放,道路环境颗粒物浓度高于城市其它区域,文章应用一种移动监测技术测试区域道路环境中PM10浓度空间分布,并进行了呼市城区道路环境PM10空间分布分析;采用降尘法对呼市城区不同区域30条道路进行监测,分析道路降尘空间分布规律,并对两种方法进行比较。文章给出了呼市城区道路环境PM10浓度的空间分布图...     

森林枯枝落叶分解及其影响因素

枯枝落叶在森林生态系统中占有极其重要的地位,枯枝落叶的分解是一个以生物为主要参与者的过程,土壤动物使粗枯落叶实现物理性分解,土壤微生物则使枯落物碎片进一步分解为简单无机分子或转化为腐殖物质。土壤微生物的分解受枯落物自身成份的影响,粗脂肪与可溶性糖等在前期分解,木质素与纤维素等在后期分解,低w(C)/w(N)比枯落物易于分解,枯落物内的有机氮最终将降解为NH 4和NO-3,用于描述枯落物分解的最常用模型是指数方程x/x0=e-kt。自然因素与人为因素引起的火烧也是引起地面枯落物消失的重要因素,它有很强的负面效应,造成有机氮的损失。影响枯落物分解的因素很多,它们主要是通过影响分解生物而起作用,这些因素有树种、温度、湿度、酸碱度、污染等。阔叶树枯落物通常比针叶的分解快,温度与有机氮的矿化有线性关系,硝化作用可在大幅度的温度范围内发生,但最适温度通常在25℃。碳矿化的最适含水量约60%,在过于淹水条件下易于出现反硝化作用而造成氮损失。森林枯落物分解以真菌为主,适于在较高pH条件下进行,但与枯落物种类有关,云杉最适分解酸度为pH5～7,多种阔叶树最适分解酸度在pH3.5,土壤变酸时通常造成细菌数量显著下降,而以真菌占主导。枯落物的处理方式影响森林土地的生产力,移除地面枯落物或采伐剩余的枝叶可造成土地肥力的显著下降,相反,则有利于维持土地肥力。     

施工扬尘空间扩散规律研究

通过检测建筑工地边界附近同一平面坐标1.5～4.1 m范围内不同高度处的降尘浓度变化,研究了建筑工地边界施工扬尘垂直扩散规律;通过监测建筑工地外同方向0～210 m范围内不同距离、相同高度(3 m)处的降尘浓度变化,研究了建筑工地施工扬尘水平扩散规律,通过数据回归分别得出了施工扬尘垂直、水平的扩散模型.结果表明,建筑工地边界同一平面坐标上方的施工降尘浓度与高度的2次方成反比关系,边界外部同一高度、同一方向的施工降尘浓度与监测点距工地中心距离的2次方成反比关系,施工活动和自然条件等因素主要影响垂直和水平扩散常数的大小.     

Subjective assessments of floor slipperiness before and after walk under two lighting conditions

A gait experiment was performed. The participants were tested under shoes, floors, surface and lighting conditions. They gave floor slipperiness ratings before and after a gait trial. The perceived sense of slip (PSOS) was collected. It was found that the perceived floor slipperiness (PFS) before walking was affected significantly by the lighting, floor and surface conditions. Relative low PFS values were recorded under wet and detergent-contaminated conditions in the normal daylight condition as compared with those in the dimmed condition. The PFS after the gait was significantly affected by the floor and surface conditions. The PSOS was highly correlated with the PFS after trial. The regression analyses results indicated that both the coefficient of friction (COF) of the floor and lighting were primary predictors of the PFS before a gait. The COF and walking speed were the primary predictors of the PFS after a gait.     

中国房屋市政工程安全事故分布规律及致灾因子耦合性分析——基于2012-2018年中国31省市4096条数据

选取2012-2018年中国31个省市自治区的4096条房屋市政工程安全事故的统计数据,基于时间、空间和事故类型3个维度,对安全事故分布规律及其原因进行了系统研究。结果表明:在时间维度上,2012-2015年逐年下降,2015-2018年逐年上升,2015年为谷底;每年的2月为事故谷值,8月为峰值,6月明显降低。这与国家对安全生产工作的重视、相关管理文件连续颁布、全国建筑总产值逐年大幅度增长、工程露天施工、中国传统节日及安全检查月等都密切相关。在空间维度上,主要集中在秦岭淮河以南地区,华东地区是安全风险的高危区域,且江苏省连续6年为高频发事故地区,排在中国的首位,浙江省连续3年为高频发事故地区。这与以上两省庞大的建筑业总产值有直接关系,但由于浙江省在工程安全管理方面的投入远大于江苏省,其安全事故发生概率也远低于江苏省。在事故类型维度上,高处坠落是发生最多的事故类型,通过对三因素耦合性风险和两因素耦合性风险分析均发现,"人"是高处坠落事故发生的最根本原因,设备的不安全状态和环境的复杂性增加了高处坠落事故发生的概率。     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5和PM10中的元素特征

为探究天津市春季道路降尘中元素污染特征及来源,于2015年春季采集了天津市道路降尘样品,通过再悬浮得到PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)滤膜样品,继而测定了滤膜样品中16种元素的含量,通过非参数检验、分歧系数法、富集因子法等研究了道路降尘中元素的污染特征、来源和成分谱的相似性.结果表明,天津市春季道路降尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量分数平均值在1%~20%之间的元素从大到小依次为:SiAlCaFeMgKNa;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中元素成分谱分歧系数为0.06,表明两者元素成分谱很相似;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中,元素Cd和Cr强烈富集,Zn、Cu、Pb和As显著富集;道路降尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中元素主要来源于土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、交通尘(汽车尾气的排放、轮胎磨损和刹车片磨损)和煤烟尘.     

Modelling the impact of defoliation and leaf damage on forest plantation function and production

After presenting a short review of process-based model requirements to capture the plant dynamic response to defoliation, this paper describes the development and testing of a model of crown damage and defoliation for Eucalyptus. A model that calculates light interception and photosynthetic production for canopies that vary spatially and temporally in leaf area and photosynthetic properties is linked to the forest growth model CABALA. The process of photosynthetic up-regulation following defoliation is modelled with a simple conditional switch that triggers up-regulation when foliar damage or removal causes the ratio of functional leaf area to living tissue in the tree to change.We show that the model predicts satisfactorily when validated with trees of Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus globulus from a range of sites of different ages, subject to different types of stress and different types of defoliation events (R² = 0.96 across a range of sites). However, the complexity of particular situations can cause the model to fail (e.g. very heavy defoliation events where branch death occurs).It is concluded that while the model will not cope with all situations, an appropriate level of generality has been captured to represent many of the physiological processes and feedbacks that occur following defoliation or leaf damage. This makes the model useful for guiding management interventions following pest attack and allows the development of scenarios including climate change impact analyses and decision-making on the merits of post-defoliation fertilisation to expedite recovery.     

北京市门头沟区大气降尘污染特征及其化学组分特征与质量重构

为研究北京市门头沟区大气降尘污染特征,收集了2018～2022年门头沟区2个国控环境空气站57个大气降尘量月平均监测结果,分析了门头沟区大气降尘污染状况及其时间变化特征.为探究大气降尘化学组分特征与质量重构结果及其来源,在三家店国控环境空气站,使用主动抽滤法模拟采集降尘样品57个,测定了降尘的质量浓度及其化学组分的质量浓度,研究了大气降尘中的化学组分特征,并利用颗粒物质量重构技术对大气降尘主要组分进行质量重构,探讨了质量重构的结果可靠性及其未确定成分的原因.结果表明,2018～2022年,北京市门头沟区月降尘量呈周期性变化,最大值在春季4、 5月,最小值在秋季10、 11月,且最大月降尘量是最小月降尘量的3.2～8.4倍.季度平均月降尘量大小表现为：春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,且降尘主要来自于春季和夏季,其降尘量分别占全年总降尘量的40.1%～43.0%和23.8%～37.5%.北京市门头沟区大气降尘年平均月降尘量下降趋势明显,2022年较2018年降尘量下降了52.8%,年均下降了13.2%,与近年来北京市城市环境保护精细化管理水平的提高有关;2021年沙尘对门头沟区降...     

Effect of BPA on the germination,root development,seedling growth and leaf differentiation under different light conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental toxic substance, which exerts unfavorable effects through endocrine disruptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms to threaten ecological systems seriously. BPA may also interact with other environmental factors, such as light and heavy metals, to have a synergetic effect in plants. However, there is little data concerning the toxic effect of BPA on the primary producers-plants and its possible interaction with light-dependent response. Here, the effects of BPA on germination, fresh weight, tap root length, and leaf differentiation were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana under different parts of light spectrum (dark, red, yellow, green, blue, and white light). Our results showed that low-dose BPA (1.0, 5.0 μM) caused an increase in the fresh weight, the tap root length and the lateral root formation of A. thaliana seedlings, while high-dose BPA (10.0, 25.0 μM) show an inhibition effect in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike karrikins, the effects of BPA on germination fresh weight and tap roots length under various light conditions are similar, which imply that BPA has no notable role in priming light response in germination and early seedling growth in A. thaliana. Meanwhile, BPA exposure influences the differentiation of A. thaliana leaf blade significantly in a light-dependent manner with little to no effect in dark and clear effect under red illumination.