地表水质灰关联评价中水环境质量系数的研究

分析和阐明地表水环境质量灰关联评价中关联度向量r中各分量的信息荷载,在满足定量、连续、分级的条件下构造了水环境质量系数C,C由首数水质级别数K和尾数水质差异E组成。水环境质量系数既能表示水质级别,又能准确区别同级水质差异。在应用特例中介绍了模糊级别的区分和级别跳跃现象。最后介绍了应用中注意的问题。     

地下水环境质量评价的一种新方法--集对分析法

提出了一种新的地下水环境质量评价模型———集对分析法。该方法是一种处理不确定性问题的理论,其模型数学表达简单,物理意义明确,所含意义深远。研究结果表明:集对分析法简便易行,评价结果准确,在环境质量综合评价中具有广泛的实用价值。     

济南南部山区水源涵养生态功能保护区生态环境评价指标体系研究

根据国家相关的生态考核指标,结合南部山区生态功能保护区实际情况,建立了该区域的评价指标体系,选取多层次权重分析决策法(AHP法),对区域的生态环境质量现状及可持续发展情况做出了定量评价。     

劳动河水质的模糊综合评价及分析

利用劳动河8个点位的水质监测数据,以地面水环境质量为标准,运用模糊数学方法,分析劳动河各点位污染状况,综合评价劳动河水质污染程度,确定主要污染点位及主要污染因子,为劳动河污染控制提供科学依据。     

层次分析法在规划环评中的应用--以太仓市沿江地区规划为例

综合分析了层次分析法(AHP法)的特点及应用于规划环评的优势,并以太仓市沿江地区规划为例,综合考虑社会、经济和环境资源的因素,建立了评价体系,对太仓市沿江地区规划的4个替代方案进行了比选,最后对拟定规划方案给出了修正建议。     

Composting,anaerobic digestion and biochar production in Ghana. Environmental–economic assessment in the context of voluntary carbon markets

In some areas of Sub-Saharan Africa appropriate organic waste management technology could address development issues such as soil degradation, unemployment and energy scarcity, while at the same time reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. This paper investigates the role that carbon markets could have in facilitating the implementation of composting, anaerobic digestion and biochar production, in the city of Tamale, in the North of Ghana. Through a life cycle assessment of implementation scenarios for low-tech, small scale variants of the above mentioned three technologies, the potential contribution they could give to climate change mitigation was assessed. Furthermore an economic assessment was carried out to study their viability and the impact thereon of accessing carbon markets. It was found that substantial climate benefits can be achieved by avoiding landfilling of organic waste, producing electricity and substituting the use of chemical fertilizer. Biochar production could result in a net carbon sequestration. These technologies were however found not to be economically viable without external subsidies, and access to carbon markets at the considered carbon price of 7 EUR/ton of carbon would not change the situation significantly. Carbon markets could help the realization of the considered composting and anaerobic digestion systems only if the carbon price will rise above 75–84 EUR/t of carbon (respectively for anaerobic digestion and composting). Biochar production could achieve large climate benefits and, if approved as a land based climate mitigation mechanism in carbon markets, it would become economically viable at the lower carbon price of 30 EUR/t of carbon.     

Life cycle analysis of a biogas-centred integrated dairy farm-greenhouse system in British Columbia

This study investigates the potential integration of a dairy farm and a greenhouse into an eco-industrial system to promote waste-to-energy and waste-to-material exchanges. Natural gas consumption is substituted by renewable biogas generated from anaerobic digestion (AD) of the dairy manure; CO₂ for plant enrichment in greenhouses is supplied by biogas combustion and the digestate (digestion residue) from digesters is used as animal bedding, plant growing media and liquid fertilizers.A life cycle analysis (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impacts of the eco-industrial system in comparison to the conventional agriculture practices. The results show that the integrated system reduces non-renewable energy consumption, climate change impact, acidification, respiratory effects from organic emissions, and human toxicity by more than 40%. If the digestate surplus is treated as a waste, the integrated system shows an increase in eutrophication and respiratory effects from inorganic emissions while all the analyzed impacts are reduced if the digestate can be used for substituting chemical fertilizers.     

What is the acceptable margin of error for the oxygen uptake method in evaluating the reactivity of organic waste?

The acceptable margin of error for the organic waste reactivity measured by the oxygen uptake method was assessed. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Dynamic Respiration Index (DRI) (mgO₂/kgVS h). The composed uncertainty (uC) of the experimental set up used for the DRI test was evaluated and the uncertainty (u) of all the components of the apparatus was evaluated. A procedure for calculating the uC of the apparatus is proposed. The components affecting the uC of the DRI to a more significant extent were the one of the oxygen mass rate and the u of the amount of VS in the sample analyzed. For a confidence level of 99.73%, the extended uC (UC) interval for a DRI = 1024 mgO₂/kgVS h was ±440 mgO₂/kgVS h, whereas for a DRI = 3489 mgO₂/kgVS h, the UC interval was ±1288 mgO₂/kgVS h. When oxygen consumption and VS content become lower than 600 mgO₂/h and 0.9 kg, respectively, the UC interval is similar to the measured DRI.     

建设项目环境影响评价公众参与过程中常见的问题分析

结合建设项目环境影响报告书评审过程中公众参与章节出现的问题,总结实际工作过程中的公众参与章节以及评价过程中的公众参与工作程序、调查内容、调查对象、调查方式、专题编制等方面所存在的问题;针对这些问题提出相应的解决对策和措施,指导环评工作者在日常工作中如何避免出现类似问题和更有效的进行公众参与,并更好的发挥环境影响评价过程中公众参与的作用。针对目前环境影响评价公众参与制度、效果等问题提出了相关意见。     

聊城古云地区地下水环境质量评价与分析

通过对古云地区地下水开发利用调查和污染取样分析,结合实际情况选取了15项评价因子,采用内梅罗综合指数法按照地下水质量评价标准(GB/T 14848-93)进行水质评价。结果表明:古云地区浅层地下水已受到较为严重的污染,全区均为Ⅳ级水和Ⅴ级水,且二者所占比例为Ⅳ级水占25%,Ⅴ级水占75%。污染物以石油类、酚类为主,该类污染物主要分布在西部石油开采区和金堤河沿线。部分样品中砷污染也较为严重,主要分布于古云地区中部。