提高锻模寿命的主要工艺措施

根据对开式模锻变形过程的理论分析,论述了几种主要工艺参数对锻模寿命的影响,提出了降低锻模机械负荷提高锻模寿命的主要工艺措施.实践证明,这些工艺措施是行之有效的.     

关于建设项目环境影响评价问题的探讨

论述了建设项目环境影响评价中存在的问题，提出在报告书编制中应改进的方面，并建议修改环境影响评价导则，探讨了环境影响报告书中技术审查形式。     

流行病学在环境质量现状评价中的应用

在阐述流行病学和环境质量现状评价概念的基础上,探讨了应用流行病学的基本原理与方法来评价环境污染效应,提出了这种应用在全面评价环境质量的现状以及制定卫生标准与采取正确的预防措施方面,是一种值得研究的方法。     

公路环境影响评价中几个水环境问题的探讨

对公路项目环境影响评价中存在的几个水环境问题进行了探讨。(1)对公路生活污水源强的计算方法及相关参数的取值进行了分析讨论，认为计算施工营地与公路服务区等附属生活污水源强时，应根据不同地域、不同的卫生设备状况选择不同的用水定额、折减系数及污染物浓度。(2)公路应尽量避绕环境法规禁止通过的区域，如生活饮用水源地一级保护区、自然保护区的核心区和缓冲区等。(3)公路经过环境法规禁止排放污水的区域，如生活饮用水源地二级保护区等区域时，应采取措施限制施工废水及公路附属设施污水的排放，对路面径流排水建议允许做适当处理后排放。     

AB活性污泥法的生命周期能耗分析

运用LCA技术可从全过程的视角识别和比较不同城市污水处理工艺在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗,并在此基础上提出改善其能效的措施。运用LCA方法对AB活性污泥法处理系统从其原材料开采和加工开始直到污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的LC全过程能耗进行了识别和量化分析,并与普通活性污泥法进行了平行对照。研究结果表明,AB法的LC能耗在微孔和穿孔管两种曝气条件下可双普通活性污泥法分别节省9.5％和15.8%,但由于污水中有机物大部分转化为污泥形态,其比能耗仅与普通活性污泥法相当。AB法处理系统污泥的稳定化处理已成为提高其能效的重要途径。     

Evolutionarily stable strategies of age-dependent sexual advertisement

In various models of sexual selection mediated by the viability indicator (“good genes”) mechanism, a sexually selected trait will truly reflect male quality if its expression is costly for the male. However, in long-lived species, the expression of a trait often increases with age while the genotype of the male remains unchanged. This fact may obscure the indicator mechanism. Hitherto, game theory models of honesty in sexual advertisement have not taken life-history effects into account, whereas life-history models of reproductive effort have only seldom considered the dependence of mating success on the actions of other individuals. Here, the two approaches are combined, and I examine whether honesty is maintained if males can divide their advertisement effort over their lifetime. The model shows that an increase in the expression of the sexually selected trait over several years is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) under a wide range of situations, so that a correlated preference for old age can emerge through a viability indicator mechanism. Honesty in the strict sense is not preserved: an optimally behaving low-quality male will in some cases advertise more than a high-quality male of equal age, to the extent that the strongest advertisement found in the population can be associated with a low-quality male. Due to life-history trade-offs, however, honesty in an average sense holds true over the lifetime of individuals: “cheater” age classes will remain small enough, that a female will obtain a higher expected mate quality if she trusts in the trait as an indicator of viability. Received: 25 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 15 April 1997     

Biological traits of three closely related species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pycnoclavella</Emphasis> (Ascidiacea) in the Western Mediterranean

The reproductive cycles and abundance of the sympatric colonial ascidians Pycnoclavella brava, Pycnoclavella aurilucens and Pycnoclavella communis from two Northwestern Mediterranean sites over a period of 2.5 years are reported. The species showed some differences in their biological patterns. Gonad maturation and larval brooding took place during autumn and early winter for P. communis, during spring for P. aurilucens and during late winter and spring for P. brava. Summer was found to be the unfavorable season for all species, and an aestivation period occurred in P. communis and P. brava. Maximum abundance for the three species was observed during winter. Growth rates of the most abundant species, P. communis, were also monitored and found to peak during the initial phases of reactivation after aestivation. Growth rates decreased afterwards, becoming negative as water temperature started to increase after the winter minima. Reproductive activity and growth rates for P. communis displayed a temporal lag that suggested partitioning of resources to either reproduction or growth in this species.     

Temporal patterns in reproduction may explain variationin mating frequencies in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi

There is genetic variation in the female mating rate in the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi), and females benefit from male ejaculates that contain both sperm and accessory gland substances. Although polyandry corresponds to higher lifetime fecundity than monandry, some females abstain from remating irrespective of the number of available mates. Explaining genetic variation in mating rates requires that monandrous females perform better than polyandrous ones under some conditions. We experimentally explored the reproductive performance of females either with a low or high intrinsic mating rate by allowing them to mate, feed, and lay eggs freely in a laboratory. Individual females followed different life histories: during the early days of reproduction, females with a low mating rate produced more eggs than females with a high mating rate. Hence, refraining from the benefits of multiple mating may be beneficial, if the time for reproduction is limited, or other female traits associated with polyandry are traded off against longevity. Given the day length of 10 h, a model shows that even if polyandrous females enjoy higher lifetime reproductive success, changeable and unpredictable weather will favor monandry if each period of suitable weather lasts, on average, less than 5 days. Thus, a combination of life history cost and unpredictability of fitness may explain the maintenance of monandry in the wild. Our results are also consistent with the observation that frequency of monandry increases with latitude.     

鞍山市生态环境遥感评价指标体系

文中应用卫星遥感数据，通过选取合适的评价指标，建立适合本地区的生态环境质量监测与评价指标系统。为开发环境资源和建设生态环境提供管理和决策的依据。     

广州市污水排放分析及预测

在分析广州市十几年污水排放特点的基础上，采用灰色理论中的灰色GM（1，1）模型对广州市污水进行建模预测，以便为广州污水处理和规划目标的制定提供宏观依据。