在污泥资源化利用过程中引入生命周期评价方法

生命周期评价是一种评价产品整个寿命周期中环境负荷的方法。为了促进资源的循环利用和经济的可持续发展,在污泥资源化利用过程中引入生命周期评价方法显得非常必要。介绍了引入生命周期评价方法的必要性及污泥资源化利用生命周期评价的内容和步骤。     

山东省城市缺水模糊评价及对策

分析了山东省水资源特点,利用模糊数学中的多因子综合评判方法,采用Windows XP平台下Visual Basic6.0建立了水资源紧缺程度评价系统,综合评价了山东省17个地级城市的水资源紧缺程度及其原因,并提出了解决对策。结果表明17个地级城市都存在不同程度的缺水现象,而水污染是导致17个城市水资源短缺的主要因素之一。2000年到2005年属于严重缺水的城市数量由6个增加到12个,水资源短缺的形势呈逐年加剧趋势。     

Life cycle assessment

The basic idea of LCA is that all environmental burdens connected with a product or service have to be assessed, back to the raw materials and down to waste removal. Therefore, the term “Life Cycle Assessment” is more precise than the German “?kobilanz” or the French “écobilan”. This basic idea is undoubtedly true, and LCA is the only environmental assessment tool which avoids positive ratings for measurements which only consists in the shifting of burdens. In the years from 1990 to 1993, SETAC and SETAC-Europe shaped the development of LCA in a series of important workshops culminating in the “Code of Practice” of 1993. The results of these workshops can be illustrated by the famous SETAC-triangle. It shows the basic structure which is now underlying the standardizing activities of ISO: 1. Goal definition and scoping, 2. Inventory analysis, 3. Impact assessment, 4. Improvement assessment. The structure recently defined by ISO differs from the SETAC structure only in the last element which is called “Interpretation” in the international standard 14040. According to ISO, “Improvement Assessment” is only one of the many activities which may follow LCA but is not part of the true analysis. The components of an LCA are described and interpreted in detail, SETAC vs. ISO. Recent developments and activities initiated by ISO, SPOLD and other organisations complete the review.     

HIA and pollution prevention control: What they can learn from each other

Following the implementation of the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations on 1st August 2000, health authorities (now Primary Care Trusts) became statutory consultees for permits issued to industry by the environmental regulators (the Environmental Agency, Local Authorities). The aims of this paper are to review the process of providing public health input in the light of its similarities to and differences from HIA and to identify the opportunities for both HIA and PPC to learn from each other's practice. We emphasise the challenges that are encountered by public health professionals who provide the public health input in the PPC. We use both our own experience of providing this input on behalf of health authorities and our expertise in HIA, environmental epidemiology and contaminated land.     

乌鲁木齐地区主要湖泊富营养化现状

根据“七五”期间全国14个城市湖泊富营养化调查拟定和筛选出的总氮、总磷、生化耗氧量、透明度和叶绿素a的含量五个评价参数,用评分法对我区三个主要湖(库)富营养化现状进行评价.柴窝堡湖和红岩水库已达富营养水平,乌拉泊水库达中营养水平.     

塔里木油气资源开发的环境影响分析

塔里木石油资源的开发极大地促进了南疆地区社会和经济的发展。但同时也对开发区自然环境造成了一定的影响。深入全面地分析这些影响，制定预防措施，防止由此而引起的生态环境的进一步恶化，这对保障国民经济高速、持续、稳定发展，有着十分重要的意义。     

荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济评价指标体系及评价方法的研究

在对荒漠化地区生态环境与社会经济评介基础分析的基础上，提出了荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济综合评价指标体系及评价标准，建立了初步的评价模型。并以宁夏自治区作为试点区域，对评价指标体系及其评价方法进行了验证。     

乌鲁木齐河底栖动物种群结构及评价

通过对乌鲁木齐河底栖动物种群结构的分析，利用生物指数评价乌鲁木齐河水质状况。     

清洁能源实施效果评价

2001年11月启动的中国国家"十五"攻关重大专项"清洁能源行动"涉及17个试点示范城市,经过3年多的探索与实施,取得了明显成效.着重从污染物排放、空气质量、清洁能源消费、人均能耗和万元产值能耗等环境效益方面对清洁能源实施效果进行科学评价,为推广试点示范城市的先进经验和城市可持续发展提供依据.     

Comparative toxic effects of formulated simazine on Vibrio fischeri and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae

The use of Early Life Stage (ELS) tests is a useful tool in risk assessment. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of the seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae with the extensively used Microtox^® test on a commercial formulation containing simazine, an s-triazine herbicide. To this end, survival, growth and histopathological changes displayed by seabream yolk sac larvae exposed during 72 h post-hatching to nominal concentrations of the commercial preparation up to its saturating concentration in water, and bioluminescence of the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox^®) were studied. Survival of larvae after three days of exposure was significantly reduced in the highest (4.5 mg/l) concentration, but no effects on growth were found in any of the simazine treatments. The 72 h LC50 value for yolk sac larvae was estimated as 4.19 mg/l. Commercial grade simazine did not exert any significant toxicity to the marine bacterium V. fischeri at the concentrations tested.