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231.
The relevant velocity that describes transport phenomena in a porous medium is the pore velocity. For this reason, one needs not only to describe the variability of transmissivity, which fully determines the Darcy velocity field for given source terms and boundary conditions, but also any variability of the pore volume. We demonstrate that hydraulically equivalent media with exactly the same transmissivity field can produce dramatic differences in the displacement of a solute if they have different pore volume distributions. In particular, we demonstrate that correlation between pore volume and transmissivity leads to a much smoother and more homogeneous solute distribution. This was observed in a laboratory experiment performed in artificial fractures made of two plexiglass plates into which a space-dependent aperture distribution was milled. Using visualization by a light transmission technique, we observe that the solute behaviour is much smoother and more regular after the fractures are filled with glass powder, which plays the role of a homogeneous fault gouge material. This is due to a perfect correlation between pore volume and transmissivity that causes pore velocity to be not directly dependent on the transmissivity, but only indirectly through the hydraulic gradient, which is a much smoother function due to the diffusive behaviour of the flow equation acting as a filter. This smoothing property of the pore volume-transmissivity correlation is also supported by numerical simulations of tracer tests in a dipole flow field. Three different conceptual models are used: an empty fracture, a rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and a parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge. All three models are hydraulically equivalent, yet they have a different pore volume distribution. Even if piezometric heads and specific flow rates are exactly the same at any point of the domain, the transport process differs dramatically. These differences make it important to discriminate in situ among different conceptual models in order to simulate correctly the transport phenomena. For this reason, we study the solute breakthrough and recovery curves at the extraction wells. Our numerical case studies show that discrimination on the basis of such data might be impossible except under very favourable conditions, i.e. the integral scale of the transmissivity field has to be known and small compared to the dipole size. If the latter conditions are satisfied, discrimination between the rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and the other two models becomes possible, whereas the parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge and the empty fracture still show identifiability problems. The latter may be solved by inspection of aperture and pressure testing. 相似文献
232.
David C. Froehlich 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):1055-1062
ABSTRACT: Design of a stormwater pump station is a complicated procedure because of the large number of parameters that are involved. Even the most basic pump station serving a small catchment requires a computationally intensive iterative evaluation. However, the design problem consists primarily of finding the combination of temporary storage and pump capacity that accommodates runoff of the selected recurrence interval for the least cost. A procedure is developed for rapidly obtaining the needed relation between storage volume and discharge for small pump stations where a constant outflow can be assumed and the inflow hydro-graph can be represented using the modified rational method with rainfall given by a widely-used intensity-duration equation. Accepting the limitations of the modified rational method and the simplifications applied to pump station operation, the procedure provides an uncomplicated way of rapidly finding the stormwater runoff volume that needs to be temporarily stored for given values of pump discharge and activation water level (or, equivalently, activation storage volume). Ultimate determination of temporary runoff storage will depend on an economic analysis of the trade-off between storage volume and pump capacity. 相似文献
233.
Gert Aron David J. Wall Elizabeth L. White Christopher N. Dunn 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(3):479-485
ABSTRACT: A statistical analysis of all available continuous hourly and 15-minute duration rainfall records for Pennsylvania was performed to develop an updated procedure to estimate design storms. As a resuit of this study, Pennsylvania was divided into five homogeneous rainfall regions and a set of rainfall intensity-duration curves developed for each region, for return periods of 1 to 100 years and durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours. The PDT-IDF curves were judged to be a better representation of Pennsylvania rainfall than the nationwide TP-40 maps, particularly for storm events of 10-years and lower return periods. The average time distribution of 24-hour storms in Pennsylvania was found to be well represented by the SCS Type II distribution. The Corps of Engineers SPS 24-hour distribution was found to differ appreciably from both the SCS Type H and the Pennsylvania 24-hour storm distribution. For storm durations between 15 and 90 minutes the standard Yarnell intensity-duration curves closely resemble Pennsylvania storm distributions. 相似文献
234.
LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY INDEX 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
235.
内蒙古草原四种主要禾本科牧草若干生理特性的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
禾本科牧草是内蒙古草原植物群落中最重要的优势植物。其中,无芒雀麦(Bromusinermis)、冰草(Agropyroncristataum)、老芒麦(Elymussibiricus)和麦草(Elymustangutotum)是大部分草原的建群种。本文运用室外试验田材料采集和室内实验测定相结合的手段分别为这4种禾木科牧草的蒸腾强度、光合作用、叶绿素含量等生理特性进行研究,结果表明,禾本科牧草一日内蒸腾强度最高值出现于12:00-14:30,到下午4:00有一小回升;光合强度以开始繁殖期为最强。四种牧草中生产潜力最高的是老芒麦。在内蒙古草原上,水分是非常重要的要素,测定表明,空气相对湿度与老芒麦的叶子含水量呈正相关,相关系数达0.993。 相似文献
236.
237.
建筑材料火灾烟气减光性能的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
笔者以木材、纺织品和塑料(聚苯乙烯) 3类材料作为高层建筑常用的可燃性建筑材料,对其在燃烧状态下释放的烟气进行了减光性能试验,研究了3种建筑材料在燃烧状态下,释放烟气的光学密度、减光系数、能见度及其相互关系,并建立了简明的函数关系式。通过试验,其结果表明,3种建筑材料释放烟气的光学密度随时间呈线性增长,烟场内疏散标志的能见度与烟气的减光系数、燃烧建材的性质、室内其他照明装置的开闭、疏散标志自身的亮度有关 相似文献
238.
地下储罐爆炸事故源强估算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从能量释放的角度出发,以爆炸理论为基础,利用爆破技术中已得出的结论,着重研究地下储罐爆炸事故源强的估算方法。确定各种伤害效应的安全距离,为预防事故和安全评价提供理论依据。 相似文献
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