玻璃幕墙光污染特征研究

根据日照理论和空间几何理论,对玻璃幕墙光污染特征进行计算分析。结果表明,南向玻璃幕墙光污染发生在冬至和春秋分,冬至以中等污染为主,上下午持续时间长;春秋分以轻微污染等级为主,上下午持续时间短;北向玻璃幕墙全年无光污染;其他朝向玻璃幕墙光污染全年均有,冬至主要在南至东的朝向,春秋分在南至东北朝向,夏至除南北朝向外所有朝向;光污染持续时间受朝向影响,冬至大,春秋分和夏至小。光污染影响区域大小、位置随朝向变化,冬至剧烈,春秋分和夏季缓和且稳定。     

Real-time wet scavenging of major chemical constituents of aerosols and role of rain intensity in Indian region

Real-time simultaneous studies on chemical characteristics of rainwater and PM₁₀ aerosols were carried out to understand the scavenging of major chemical components in Indian region. The concentrations of Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ were observed to be lower in the aerosol samples collected during rain as compared to before and after rain events. The most significant reduction was noticed for Ca²⁺ (74%) during rain which showed highest scavenging ratio (SR) and indicated that below-cloud scavenging is an effective removal process for Ca²⁺ in Indian region. Among non-sea salt components, Ca²⁺ had highest SR at Hyderabad indicating typical characteristics of crustal influence as abundance of calcium carbonate in soil dust has been reported in India. However, the levels of these major chemical components gradually got build-up in due course of time. After rain events, the levels of SO₄²⁻ aerosols were noticed to be substantially higher (more than double) within 24 h. In general, scavenging ratios for all components (except Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺ and K⁺) were higher over BOB as compared to Hyderabad. The maximum fall in aerosol levels (BR minus AR) was observed during continuous and low intensity rain events that did not allow building up of aerosol concentrations.     

Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on plant diversity in tropical forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China

Responses of understory plant diversity to nitrogen (N) additions were investigated in reforested forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China from 2003 to 2008: disturbed forest (with harvesting of understory vegetation and litter) and rehabilitated forest (without harvesting). Experimental additions of N were administered as the following treatments: Control, 50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Nitrogen additions did not significantly affect understory plant richness, density, and cover in the disturbed forest. Similarly, no significant response was found for canopy closure in this forest. In the rehabilitated forest, species richness and density showed no significant response to N additions; however, understory cover decreased significantly in the N-treated plots, largely a function of a significant increase in canopy closure. Our results suggest that responses of plant diversity to N deposition may vary with different land-use history, and rehabilitated forests may be more sensitive to N deposition.     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

不同工况的低强度超声波处理对活性污泥活性的影响

采用好氧活性污泥为试验材料,以污泥的比好氧呼吸速率(SOUR)、混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)、COD去除率及污泥产率系数λ(ΔMLSS/ΔCOD)为指标,通过对超声频率、声强和作用时间3个参数设计的均匀试验,研究不同参数组合的超声处理对活性污泥的活性和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,采用28　kHz、20　W/L、2　min这一参数组合的超声处理可以有效增强活性污泥的活性,提高COD去除效果,并减少污泥产量.同时还研究了污泥浓度MLSS对超声处理效果的影响.通过单因素多水平试验,确定了适合于最佳超声参数组合的MLSS值.对于本次试验所用污泥,MLSS为3?000　mg/L时,超声处理达到了理想效果.根据试验结果,还对低强度超声波影响活性污泥活性和代谢过程的机理提出了假说性解释.     

应用有限体积法分析污染源排放对饮用水源的影响

根据南京市5家市政水厂水源保护区的污染源调查结果建立了长江南京段水动力和有限体积法水质数学模型,并结合各污染源的污染强度和排放规律,分析了枯水期在不同水文情况下,污染源排放对饮用水源地水质的影响.有限体积法的模拟结果与常规分析的监测结果均表明,水厂受污染程度为:上元门水厂＞北河口水厂＞城北水厂＞浦口水厂＞城南水厂.主要污染源为水量较大,且有一定污染的入江河流.     

江苏省13城市土地利用集约度时空变异及驱动因素

城市土地的高效集约化利用是城市可持续发展的客观要求。从城市土地集约利用的内涵入手,依据城市土地集约利用评价的原则,从土地利用投入水平、土地利用程度、土地利用效率、土地利用生态环境质量等方面构建了一个具有三级层次结构的城市土地集约利用度评价的指标体系,并在此基础上采用多因素综合评价,秩相关系数和聚类分析的方法以江苏省13个地级市为例进行了实证分析,结果表明：（1）1997～2006年,江苏省13城市土地利用集约度都得到了提高,但是提高的幅度和方式不同;（2）不同城市,苏南、苏中和苏北之间城市土地利用集约度呈现出明显的城市和地域差异,其中,省会南京最高,苏北的宿迁最低。最后,对造成这种时空差异的现象从区域经济环境、经济发展水平、城市性质职能与规模等方面进行了驱动力分析。     

Light-limited population dynamics of phytoplankton: modeling light and depth effects

Light has received very less attention as a selective factor, probably because the changing vertical light gradient makes light a rather complex factor when compared with the nutrient competition. In our study we modified an analytically tractable model based upon the Beer–Lambert law. The study aimed to predict the outcome of phytoplankton competition for light, on the basis of field measurements. When we considered competition theory, Fragilaria was found to be more competitive than other genera. The overall result shows that the trends flow in the following manner; Fragilaria > Gomphonema > Diatoma > Amphora > Achnanthes.     

中国不可再生能源消耗压力驱动与强度分解

随着煤炭、石油、天然气等不可再生能源的掠夺式开采的日益严重,中国不可再生能源供需缺口日渐放大,来自于经济增长和消耗强度的冲击使得中国不可再生能源消耗压力逐年增大.在对不可再生能源供需缺口以及消耗构成分析的基础上,运用IPAT方程、LMDI分解法,对中国不可再生能源消耗压力的驱动因素进行实证分析,针对作为主要驱动因素的不可再生能源消耗强度,运用费雪指数分解法进行二次结构、效率效应分解,并就分析结果作出具体剖析.研究结论如下:①中国不可再生能源消耗压力呈现“谷峰交替”型变动趋势,消耗压力的增加主要源于经济因素的驱动,消耗压力的减弱主要源于消耗强度的抑制性驱动作用;②结构效应指数对不可再生能源消耗强度的变动发挥主要影响作用,产业结构的低碳化调整会促进工业部门内部消耗强度的降低,从而达到拉动不可再生能源整体消耗强度降低的目标.     

山东省能源消费强度变动的结构及效率效应

从地区、产业以及规模以上工业三个视角,利用四种没有残值的指数分解方法将山东省的有关能源消费强度指标分解为效率效应和结构效应,研究结果显示:山东省生产总值的地区结构变动对其能源强度的下降有阻碍作用,而各地区能源效率的提高则有促进作用;农业、工业、建筑业、交通运输和仓储邮政、商业和住宿餐饮、其它服务业六大产业的增加值占全省增加值比重的变动对山东省能源强度的下降有不利影响,而各产业能源效率的变动则基本上起到促进作用;规模以上工业增加值的行业结构对规模以上工业能源强度的下降有增进作用,而各行业能源效率变动的影响则不稳定.着重发展第三产业,尤其是交通运输、商业、住宿餐饮之外的其它服务业、重视高耗能行业能源效率的持续提高、加强对重点地区的监控,包括泰安市、日照市、莱芜市、临沂市、聊城市等,是降低山东省能源强度的主要途径.