A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Primary lithium batteries contain hazardous materials such as lithium metal and flammable solvents, which can lead to exothermic activity and runaway reactions above a defined temperature. Lithium-ion batteries operating outside the safe envelope can also lead to formation of lithium metal and thermal runaway. Despite protection by battery safety mechanisms, fires originating from primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are a relatively frequent occurrence.This paper reviews the hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion cells, with an emphasis on the role played by chemistry at individual cell level. Safety mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and limit the consequences of incidents are reviewed, together with safety tests to monitor compliance with battery safety regulations and standards. Incident information from news accounts and open literature sources are reviewed to extract causal information.It is concluded that the potential severity of incidents during storage, transport and recycling of waste batteries can be significantly higher than in end-use applications. Safe storage, packaging and labelling practices, as well as communication among the parties involved, are essential to ensure safety across the battery lifecycle. It is recommended that a database of lithium battery incidents would be valuable to improve the evidence base for informing accident prevention measures.     

失效锂离子电池有机物真空脱除和浸出研究

文章采用真空蒸发热处理的方法脱除废弃失效的锂离子电池中的有机物,加热温度为220~500℃,真空炉内压力150Pa,恒温处理时间1h。除有机物被脱除外,当处理温度为280℃时形成了CoO和Li2CO3。温度升高至350℃时,主要的物相为LiCoO2、CoO、Co3O4和Co,以及少量Li2CO3。在超声场中将电极材料与铝、铜箔集流体分离,然后分别用含亚硫酸钠的硫酸溶液和氨性溶液处理电极材料。当用含亚硫酸钠的硫酸溶液浸出经280℃脱除有机物的电极材料时,钴元素基本被浸出。而用氨性溶液浸出经350℃脱除有机物的电极材料时,钴元素的浸出率很低。为了提高钴的浸出率,真空热处理的温度应介于280~350℃之间。     

校园一次性废电池回收关键环节的问卷调研

如何从分散的大量用户手中回收一次性废电池是目前一次性废电池回收体系构建中的关键环节。文章采用问卷调查方法,以华东师范大学中山北路校区在校本科生为对象,研究了针对校园大学生用户回收一次性废电池环节中的存在问题和解决。提出了"以旧换新"的回收方式,初步确定了该方式运行所需的几个关键参数:回收的"旧新电池回收比例"为5:1,回收地点在各宿舍管理员处,回收时间为每月定期进行一次。文章结果对于构建废电池回收体系具有一定的参考意义。     

废电池的回收利用现状及发展分析

废旧电池的随意丢弃会带来严重的环境污染以及资源的浪费,同时其回收再利用的空间也较大。目前我国在废电池的处理和回收利用上仍然存在许多问题,如何建立和健全我国的废电池回收利用机制,成为我们应当关注的重点。     

Regulating non-precious transition metal nitrides bifunctional electrocatalysts through surface/interface nanoengineering for air-cathodes of Zn-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially the secondary batteries, have engrossed a great interest because of its high specific energy, economical and high safety. However, due to the insufficient activity and stability of bifunctional electrocatalysts for air-cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, the practical application of rechargeable ZABs is seriously hindered. In the effort of developing high active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been regarded as the candidates due to their high conductivity, strong corrosion-resistance, and bifunctional catalytic performance. In this paper, the research progress in TMNs-based material as ORR and OER electrocatalysts for ZABs is discussed with respect to their synthesis, chemical/physical characterization, and performance validation/optimization. The surface/interface nanoengineering strategies such as defect engineering, support binding, heteroatom introduction, crystal plane orientation, interface construction and small size effect, the physical and chemical properties of TMNs-based electrocatalysts are emphasized with respect to their structures/morphologies, composition, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The challenges of TMNs-based materials as bifunctional air-cathode electrocatalysts in practical application are evaluated, and numerous research guidelines to solve these problems are put forward for facilitating further research and development.     

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste: composition and its implications

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.     

中国电池生产用汞量及潜在汞散失量估算

从含汞电池的生产与消费、单位电池含汞量的估算、电池生产用汞量及潜在汞散失量的估算3个方面,对1992～1999年我国电池生产用汞量和潜在汞散失量进行了分析。结果表明,1992～1999年期间我国电池生产用汞量先减后增再减,其中2个高峰分别为1992年的679.5t和1997年的974.3t;潜在汞散失量呈上升趋势,1999年达801.7t。因此,我国电池引起的汞污染问题不容忽视。     

废弃锂离子电池中金属的回收及钴酸锂的湿法合成

采用湿法回收并合成锂离子电池中钴酸锂。考察了不同的有机溶剂溶解粘结剂PVDF、不同酸浸条件对钴酸锂浸出效果的影响、碳酸钴和碳酸锂共沉淀物的焙烧条件,并对所获得的钴酸锂进行结构分析。结果表明,N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）作为溶解PVDF的溶剂效果最佳;当硫酸浓度6％、固液比1：30、30％的H2O：1．4mL／g、温度80℃、反应120min时为硫酸浸出最佳条件,此时钴的浸出率为92．3％,锂的浸出率为92．0％;合成LiCoO2时的焙烧温度在750℃较为合适。SEM分析表明,颗粒粒度小,分散性好。     

废镉镍电池再资源化研究新进展

废镉镍电池再资源化研究具有重大的社会、环境及经济效益。火法及湿法再资源化技术各具特色。利用废镉镍电池制备M—Zn系软磁铁氧体材料是今后一个时期废镉镍电池再资源化的发展方向。     

锂离子电池组分层主动均衡研究

目的 针对实际装备中使用的串联锂离子电池组的不一致性问题,提出一种基于Buck-Boost电路和反激式变压器均衡电路的分层主动均衡构架.方法 以荷电状态(SOC)作为均衡标准,制定均衡策略,建立锂离子电池二阶等效电路模型以及开路电压(OCV)特性曲线来进行参数辨识与SOC估计.实现电池组内相邻电池单体间的能量转移以及电池组间任意模组到整体的能量双向传递.最后在Matlab/Simulink中搭建均衡模型进行仿真验证.结果 分层主动均衡构架相比传统单一相邻电池均衡构架具有更好的均衡结果,其均衡效果提升了43.04％,均衡时间缩短了24.4％,均衡效率提高了12.61％.结论 该分层主动均衡构架充分发挥了两种主动均衡的优点,改善了电池组的不一致性问题,并提高了整个电池组的充放电容量.