铅酸起动蓄电池组IEC60095:2006与2000版标准差异

本文主要介绍了IEC 60095-1铅酸起动蓄电池组-第一部分:一般要求和测试方法2006年版与2000年版试验方法和要求的差异比照.     

WEEE and portable batteries in residual household waste: Quantification and characterisation of misplaced waste

A total of 26.1 Mg of residual waste from 3129 households in 12 Danish municipalities was analysed and revealed that 89.6 kg of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), 11 kg of batteries, 2.2 kg of toners and 16 kg of cables had been wrongfully discarded. This corresponds to a Danish household discarding 29 g of WEEE (7 items per year), 4 g of batteries (9 batteries per year), 1 g of toners and 7 g of unidentifiable cables on average per week, constituting 0.34% (w/w), 0.04% (w/w), 0.01% (w/w) and 0.09% (w/w), respectively, of residual waste. The study also found that misplaced WEEE and batteries in the residual waste constituted 16% and 39%, respectively, of what is being collected properly through the dedicated special waste collection schemes. This shows that a large amount of batteries are being discarded with the residual waste, whereas WEEE seems to be collected relatively successfully through the dedicated special waste collection schemes. Characterisation of the misplaced batteries showed that 20% (w/w) of the discarded batteries were discarded as part of WEEE (built-in). Primarily alkaline batteries, carbon zinc batteries and alkaline button cell batteries were found to be discarded with the residual household waste. Characterisation of WEEE showed that primarily small WEEE (WEEE directive categories 2, 5a, 6, 7 and 9) and light sources (WEEE directive category 5b) were misplaced. Electric tooth brushes, watches, clocks, headphones, flashlights, bicycle lights, and cables were items most frequently found. It is recommended that these findings are taken into account when designing new or improving existing special waste collection schemes. Improving the collection of WEEE is also recommended as one way to also improve the collection of batteries due to the large fraction of batteries found as built-in. The findings in this study were comparable to other western European studies, suggesting that the recommendations made in this study could apply to other western European countries as well.     

废电池的回收利用与管理

分析了我国在废电池回收利用与管理方面的现状及存在的问题，并结合我国国情提出实现废电池循环再利用的对策。     

废旧碱性二氧化锰电池特点和湿法再资源化研究

讨论了废旧碱性二氧化锰电池粉末的成分和用硫酸浸取粉末中锌的适宜条件。将废旧电池破解后,用X-射线衍射仪和原子吸收分光光度计测定其粉末。结果表明,粉末中锰(以MnO2计)的含量为44.2%,锌(以ZnO计)为25.6%,铁为1.4(%以Fe2O3计),钾为5.5%,并有少量的铅、镉和汞等。用硫酸浸取粉末中的锌的适宜条件为:硫酸浓度为0.25mol/L,浸取时间为3h,温度为50℃,固液比(固体样品质量/浸取液质量)为1/6,浸取锌时约30%的锰被溶解。废旧碱性电池再资源化研究对消除环境污染和保护资源意义重大。     

Bioleaching of spent Ni-Cd batteries and phylogenetic analysis of an acidophilic strain in acidified sludge

Biohydrometallurgy is a novel method to recycle discarded batteries, in which sewage sludge is used as microorganisms and culture due to the presence of indigenous Thiobacilli. A two-step continuous flow leaching system consisting of an acidifying reactor and a leaching reactor was introduced to achieve the bioleaching of spent nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. The acid supernatant produced in the acidifying reactor by the microorganisms with ferrous ions as the substrate was conducted into the leaching reactor to dissolve electrode materials. The efficiency of a batch treatment of batteries was examined. The results showed that the complete dissolution of two AA-sized Ni-Cd batteries with 0.6 L/d acid supernatant took about 30, 20, and 35 days for Ni, Cd, and Co, respectively. But the dissolution ability of the three metals was different. Cd and Co can be leached mostly for pH below 4.0 while the complete dissolution of Ni can be achieved for pH below 2.5. Meanwhile, a strain (named Thiooxidans. WL) accounting for the reduction of pH in the acidified sludge was isolated and sequenced. It was identified to be 100% similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Tf-49 based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The relevant phylogenetic tree constructed indicates that the strain should be classified into genus Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.     

《废电池污染防治技术政策》（修订版）的关键点分析

2003年,原国家环境保护局发布了《废电池污染防治技术政策》,该技术政策对我国废电池的生产与使用、收集、运输、贮存、资源再生、处理、处置以及废铅酸蓄电池污染防治做出了相关的规定。然而,该技术政策已不能适应日益紧迫的电池管理需求。因此,环境保护部于2013年将开展《废电池污染防治技术政策》的修订及审定工作。针对我国近年来电池使用种类的变化、电子信息技术的发展以及电池处理工艺的进步等,结合多个部委出台的废电池管理相关政策文件,分析了旧版《废电池污染防治技术政策》的不足,总结了修订《废电池污染防治技术政策》过程中的关键点。     

相变材料填充率影响锂电池组热失控传播特性的实验研究

复合相变材料(PCM)应用于锂电池组的热管理是当前研究的热点。然而,PCM对锂电池组热失控传播特性的影响规律仍不甚明晰。实验研究了不同PCM填充率对锂电池组的影响,分析其热失控触发时间、最高温度、质量损失和热释放速率等参数变化规律。结果发现,添加PCM后,电池表面温度、CO和SO₂浓度均出现了不同程度的降低,但对热释放速率没有明显的影响。PCM填充率为0%和10%的电池组均发生了热失控传播,而30%、50%、100%的PCM填充率能有效阻隔热失控传播的发生。     

阴离子膜矿浆电解回收干电池正极材料中的锰

研究了硫酸介质中阴离子膜矿浆电解回收废旧干电池正极材料中锰的工艺条件。实验结果表明,阴极室浸出锰离子的较佳条件为:电流密度150A/m2,酸度1.0mol/L,液固比8∶1,温度20℃。在此条件下恒电流电解90min,锰的回收率为25.77%,阴极表观电流效率为101.1%。经反应机理分析得出,在浸出前1h,反应的控制步骤为混合控制,1h后为化学反应控制,活化能为52.85kJ/mol。采用该法可实现资源的循环利用,具有环境和经济效益。     

生物淋滤直接浸出废旧电池中有毒重金属的实验研究

考察了生物淋滤对5种电池中重金属的溶出效果,比较了化学浸提和生物淋滤对三种电池中重金属的溶出效率,研究了起始pH值对生物淋滤溶出电池中重金属的影响模式.结果表明,生物淋滤对5种电池中6种离子的平均浸出浓度超过350mg·l-1,锌锰电池(华太)锰浸出浓度、锌锰电池(南孚)锌浸出浓度和镍氢电池的镍浸出浓度分别达524mg·l-1,600mg·l-1和750mg·l-1;而化学浸提对3种电池中5种金属的溶出浓度均不超过10mg·l-1.起始pH值对生物淋滤电池的离子浸出效率影响巨大.起始pH值愈低,离子浸出浓度愈高.在起始pH值为2.0的生物淋滤体系中,镍镉电池的镍镉浸出平均浓度为350mg·l-1,而起始pH值为4.0和5.5的淋滤体系中,在整个反应时间内镍镉几乎未能检出.