煤炭开采行业清洁生产审核应选用指标探讨

在对铁法煤业集团所属6个煤矿的清洁生产审核工作基础上，从生产和管理的9个方面对煤炭的清洁生产指标进行了调查和分析，最后确立了38项清洁生产评估指标，并分别给出了权重和基准值。     

Urban horticulture: its significance to environmental conservation

Urban horticulture, defined as plant production activities that are conducted in a city or suburb that produce horticultural plants that are wholly or partially edible, and which are economically viable, has the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions caused by the transportation of produce. Moreover, to increase productivity in limited areas and use limited resources effectively, closed or semi-closed systems (i.e., greenhouses) are considered more advantageous than open systems (i.e., fields) from which resources can easily escape into the surrounding environment. In this paper the significance of urban horticulture in reducing CO₂ emissions in the transportation process is discussed with reference to simple case studies. In the context of building or rebuilding greenhouses suitable for urban horticulture, the present situation regarding resource inputs and outputs in greenhouses is compared to that in open fields. The reduction of resource inputs and outputs in greenhouse production is also discussed.     

Energy metabolism and growth of Monoporeia affinis Lindstr. in the Northern Lake Krivoe (Karelia)

The physiological method for estimating production based on the relationship between growth and energy metabolism has been used for calculating model growth curves for the amphipod Monoporeia affinis and comparing them with the results of field studies. Calculations demonstrated that the physiological growth curves fit the results of field observations best under certain conditions which have zoological sense: the growth curve should reflect the actual maximum body size of an animal in the given population, the duration of the life cycle, and the time required for reaching the reproductive size.     

不同堆沤处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

研究利用纤维素分解菌F2对玉米秸秆进行堆沤预处理,将经不同堆沤预处理时间后的秸秆与猪粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气试验。结果发现,堆沤15 d后秸秆的总有机碳含量降低了10.06%,VS去除率和纤维素降解率比未加菌堆沤预处理分别提高了10.74%、10.60%;加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆厌氧发酵甲烷产气率、干物质产气率、发酵前后VS去除率均高于未加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆,且产气效率也有明显的提高;加菌堆沤预处理10 d的秸秆比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆提前了2 d达到产气高峰,累计产气量达到21 957 mL,比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆增加了1 629 mL。实验结果表明:该纤维素分解菌对玉米秸秆纤维素有较强的降解能力,并在一定程度上促进了有机碳的矿化;有效地提高了秸秆的生物降解性能,缩短了预处理所需时间;同时提高了玉米秸秆的利用率和产气潜力。     

中国石灰生产和能源消耗分析

基于全国涉及石灰生产的企业全口径统计数据,分析中国2007年石灰生产的基本特征,探讨了石灰产量统计的不确定性和来源。2007年,中国石灰生产的企业共6 154家,涉及9 327座石灰窑。总产能为2.27亿t,共生产石灰1.06亿t,企业平均产量为4 000 t/a,企业生产每吨石灰平均能耗水平为163 kg标准煤。中国约有两千八百多万吨的石灰生产很难通过正规渠道统计上来,也意味着这些产量很可能是基于非常简易和高能耗的石灰土窑生产的。     

闽江口秋茄红树林凋落物产量及分解动态

于2017年以闽江口粗芦岛秋茄(Kandelia obovata)红树林为研究对象,分别采用凋落物收集框和分解袋法,研究秋茄凋落物产量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量月动态及凋落叶分解过程中C、N、P含量与水解酶活性.结果表明:①秋茄凋落物年产量为618.79 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中,叶占61.2%,果、枝和花分别占23.7%、10.5%和4.6%.②凋落叶总氮(TN)含量8月显著高于其他月份(p0.05),而TP含量在1—3月显著高于其他月份;C/N在8月显著低于其他月份(p0.05),而C/P及N/P在9月显著升高(p0.05).③在凋落叶分解过程中,C、N、P含量及其化学计量比随时间存在明显差异(p0.01),并且地上组TC、TN、C/N和C/P明显不同于地下组(p0.05).④在分解过程中,4种水解酶随时间存在明显差异(p0.01).⑤凋落叶酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤温度、电导率和凋落叶TP含量存在显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果说明,秋茄凋落物产量及元素含量随季节变化存在明显差异;沉积作用对凋落叶分解过程中元素含量有显著影响,水解酶活性主要受凋落叶元素含量和土壤环境因子的控制.     

环境规制的蓝色红利效应研究

利用中国工业企业数据库2004~2009年制造业企业数据,以清洁生产目录标准的政策实施为外生冲击事件,基于倍差估计法（DID）实证检验了环境规制对企业盈利能力、盈利质量、波特效应和管理创新成本等蓝色红利的影响.结果发现：环境规制显著提升了制造企业的利润率和企业的现金流充裕性,改善了企业的盈利能力和盈利质量;环境规制显著降低了企业管理创新成本,但波特效应不显著.环境规制的蓝色红利效应存在地方策略互动、企业规模和所有制的异质性：地方政府之间的策略性不合作抑制了环境规制蓝色红利效应.企业规模的扩大提高了管理创新成本,但强化其他相关的蓝色红利效应.环境规制对国有企业的利润率、现金流以及全要素生产率的改善作用强于非国有企业,但更有助于降低非国有企业的管理创新成本.     

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxide-modified biochar composite (MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity, enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%, as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36?g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1?L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic- and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3?g dose of MBC that is 0.12?g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.     

污泥与秸秆共基质中温两相厌氧消化特性

以污泥和秸秆为共基质,以沼气产量、ρ（VFA）（VFA为挥发性脂肪酸）和COD_Cr去除率等为指标,探究污泥与秸秆配比（以COD_Cr计,质量比分别为1:0、1:1、2:1、3:1）对中温两相厌氧消化工艺运行效能的影响,以及最佳配比时SRT（污泥停留时间）对产甲烷相厌氧消化稳态特性的影响.结果表明:与污泥试验组相比,添加秸秆试验组的厌氧消化效能均较好;污泥与秸秆的最佳配比为2:1,该稳定状态下产酸相COD_Cr的去除率最高,为17.5%,ρ（VFA）为752 mg/L;产甲烷相COD_Cr的去除率为33.5%,ρ（VFA）为250 mg/L,产气量为47.7 mL/d,总体运行效能较高.在最佳污泥与秸秆配比（2:1）并设定产甲烷相反应器的SRT为20 d时,稳定状态下产甲烷相各组分的变化情况:COD_Cr去除率为41.20%,ρ（VFA）为238 mg/L,产气量为51.3 mL/d,沼气产率为8.4 mL/（d·g）.研究显示,当控制污泥与秸秆配比为2:1、SRT为20 d时,中温两相厌氧消化工艺运行效果良好.      

浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染生态健康风险

为了解浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染情况和居民的膳食健康风险,选择浙江省典型的蔬菜生产基地作为研究区域,采集了102对蔬菜和土壤样本,分析了浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属Cd、 Cu、 Pb、 Cr、 As、 Ni和Hg的分布和富集特征,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数、潜在生态风险指数和膳食暴露评估模型系统评价了蔬菜生产系统生态健康风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd超标严重,超标率为97.2%,土壤以中轻度污染风险为主,Cd污染风险最大,其次是Pb、 Cu和As.蔬菜中仅有少量豆类和瓜果类蔬菜Cd超标,超标率分别为12.5%和8.7%.不同种类蔬菜的重金属富集能力差异明显,总体表现为：叶菜>豆类>瓜果类>根茎类.浙江省居民食用本地蔬菜的非致癌风险和致癌风险都在可接受范围,儿童比成人更容易面临风险(P<0.01),Cd和Pb对健康风险的贡献率最高.浙江省蔬菜生产系统生产的蔬菜整体处于安全水平,但需要加强对Cd和Pb的污染源管控.