The effect of pyrolysis atmosphere on bio-oil yields and structure

A food industry waste, almond shell, was pyrolyzed under three different environment static, nitrogen, and steam to produce bio-oil and its derivatives. The oil yield obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600°C was 24.23% in a static atmosphere, whereas it increased to 27.25% and 33.05% in nitrogen and steam atmospheres, respectively. The bio-oil obtained under steam atmosphere is very efficient due to the production of high liquid and gas yields. Moreover, co-feeding steam during the pyrolysis altered the bio-oil structure by increasing the aliphatics and reducing the asphaltenes. Moreover, steam treatment also increases H/C and heating value of bio-oils. According to the obtained results, steam pyrolysis is an alternative option for future applications in refineries.     

悬浮结晶法冷冻处理喹乙醇生产废液

采用悬浮结晶法处理喹乙醇生产废液,考察了成冰率(冰晶融化后的体积占原水总体积的百分比)对废液COD、氨氮、TN和电导率去除效果的影响。在一级冷冻成冰率45%的条件下,经过三级冷冻处理后,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为99.4%、98.7%、98.5%和98.2%,一级浓缩液的COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为1.6、1.5和1.5;在一级冷冻成冰率80%的条件下,每一级出水的各项指标的去除率均有所下降,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为98.6%、98.3%、97.1%和95.9%,但一级浓缩液的浓缩比明显提高,COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为2.7、2.2和2.4。成冰率为80%时一级浓缩液的热值为7 449 J/g,在焚烧过程中可以依靠自身热量维持燃烧,不需要添加辅助燃料,减少焚烧处理的成本。     

Effect of Fenton pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater and olive mill solid waste in mesophilic conditions

The olive mill waste (OMW) generated from olive oil extraction process constitutes a major environmental concern owing to its high organic and mineral matters and acidic pH. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a main treatment for reducing the organic matter and toxic substances contained in OMW and generating at the same time, energy in the form of biogas. AD of OMW that contains lignocellulose is limited by the rate of hydrolysis due to their recalcitrant structure. This study is devoted to the effect of Fenton process (FP) pretreatment on olive mill wastewater (OMSW) /olive mill solid waste (OMWW) co-digestion to improve their digestibility and in this way the biogas production. The FP pretreatment was performed in batch mode at 25°C, various H₂O₂/[Fe²⁺] ratios (100–1200), catalyst concentration ([Fe²⁺]) ranging from 0.25 to 2 mM, reaction time varying from 30 to150 min, and different pH (3–11). The best performance was obtained with H₂O₂/[Fe²⁺] = 1000, [Fe²⁺] = 1.5 mM, 120 min, and pH 3. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests conducted in batch wise digester and at mesophilic conditions (37 °C) showed that cumulative biogas and methane production were higher without FP treatment, and correspond to 699 and 416 mL/g VS, respectively. However, pre-treated OMSW results into an increase of 24% of methane yield. After 30 days of AD, the methane yield was 63%, 54%, and 48%, respectively, for OMSW treated without iron precipitation, with iron precipitation and untreated OMSW sample.     

固定化甲烷八叠球菌研究—─甲烷八叠球菌富集分离和固定化

用亨盖特（Hungate）厌氧技术,以甲醇为唯一碳源获得了甲烷八叠球菌的富集培养物,以甲醇或乙酸钠（或两者各50％）为碳源滚管培养,获得了以甲烷八叠球菌的分离培养物。用聚乙烯醇（PVA）为包埋剂对甲烷八叠球菌sp固定化,并对其特性进行了研究。结果表明：固定化甲烷八叠球菌与非固定化甲烷八叠球菌的总产气量相似,但两者的产气特性有明显不同。固定化甲烷八叠球菌产气迟于非固定化甲烷八叠球菌,固定化甲烷八叠球菌的产气集中,在产气的6天中,平均日产气量30.88mL甲烷,最高产气量可达2.80mL甲烷/h,在产气高峰两天中的产气量占总产气量的66.0％。非固定化甲烷八叠球菌产气平稳,平均日产气量为8.91mL甲烷。固定化甲烷八叠球菌的电子显微镜观察结果表明,细胞在固定介质中多呈较大包囊存在,包囊直径30～50μm。     

加快建立中国社会主义市场经济下的工业环境管理新模式

本文论证社会主义市场经济下环境管理模式与推行清洁生产工艺(无废、少废及高效转换工艺)的关系,剖析市场经济国家环境管理模式的精髓,密切结合推行工业生产全过程控制(包括环境标志这种反向控制手段),提出加快建立中国社会主义市场经济下的工业环境管理新模式。      

铜铬催化剂清洁生产工艺研究

采用清洁生产概念与思维模式,对铜铬催化剂生产全过程进行审核,找出造成其产率低、活性差、污染重的原因及影响因素。以新催化剂研制理论和方法为指导,探讨铜铬催化剂用于糠醇生产过程中提高其产率、活性、原材料利用率以及减轻污染的清洁生产工艺。试验结果表明,在pH为6．2～6．5、Cu／Cr质量比为1：1、反应温度为65℃,活化温度为400℃的条件下,催化剂能获得较高产率和活性。按此新工艺生产的催化剂,产率可提高22％,Cr^6 的排放量可减少95％,活性可提高一倍,废品率可由原来的10％降至零。     

有机物好氧生物降解性二氧化碳生成量测试法的研究

为了探讨测试有机污染物生物降解性方法的通用性和可比性,建立了用二氧化碳生成量来测试有机污染物好氧生物降解性的合理方法。生物反应瓶容积２Ｌ,受试有机物浓度１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,接种污泥浓度５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,反应温度２５℃,反应时间１４ｄ。通过有机生物降解性的分析,提出了一个生物降解性的评价标准－生物降解性指     

硫化锑矿渣中精细硫磺的回收及其工业化

通过对从硫化锑矿渣中回收硫的实验研究,找出了正交试验的最佳条件：浸取剂I^＊与矿渣的液固比为10：1（mL／g）;加热时间15min,浸取加热温度150℃;分离时加热温度130-140℃;急冷温度0℃此时精细硫磺的回收率为96．60％,浸取剂的回收率为92．36％,硫磺的粒度为5．01 μm．硫磺的纯度为98．00％。据此提出了生产精细硫的工艺过程。并为工业化提供了思路。     

氧化锆生产废水处理工艺

以调节沉淀-汽提处理技术作为氧化锆生产废水的处理工艺,对主要构筑物做出工艺设计,运行结果表明该工艺具有出水水质稳定、处理效率高、流程简洁、操作简便等特点.是处理含高浓度氨氮、可生化性差的工业废水的一种适用技术.     

Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological implications in a changing Arctic Ocean

The Arctic marine ecosystem is shaped by the seasonality of the solar cycle, spanning from 24-h light at the sea surface in summer to 24-h darkness in winter. The amount of light available for under-ice ecosystems is the result of different physical and biological processes that affect its path through atmosphere, snow, sea ice and water. In this article, we review the present state of knowledge of the abiotic (clouds, sea ice, snow, suspended matter) and biotic (sea ice algae and phytoplankton) controls on the underwater light field. We focus on how the available light affects the seasonal cycle of primary production (sympagic and pelagic) and discuss the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in the light field based on model simulations. Lastly, we discuss predicted future changes in under-ice light as a consequence of climate change and their potential ecological implications, with the aim of providing a guide for future research.