“可持续生产”与“清洁生产”内涵辨析

就可持续生产在可持续发展中的重要性而言,厘清可持续生产的含义并对可持续生产与清洁生产的内涵进行辨析十分必要.阐明可持续发展的确切含义,将其定义为与人、自然、社会相和谐的生产活动或方式.在此基础上,结合清洁生产含义,指出了可持续生产与清洁生产在实施层面、目标指向和内容维度三方面的区别:①清洁生产的实施层面仅局限于企业层面,而可持续生产却涉及到整个社会层面;②在生产活动对人和社会的影响方面,可持续生产的目标指向比清洁生产更为全面;③可持续生产是在“技术”、“制度”2个维度上的双向拓展,而清洁生产仅是在“技术”维度上的单维延伸.      

pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动及运行特性

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),以糖蜜废水为底物,探讨了pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动和运行特性.结果表明,保持反应器内pH为5,污泥接种量为6g/L、COD启动负荷为7.0kg/(m³·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为6h等条件,可在30d内完成产氢发酵菌群的驯化.此时系统氧化还原电位(ORP)稳定在-460mV～-480mV之间,系统呈现明显的混合酸发酵特性.其液相末端发酵产物比例分布相当,乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丙酸和戊酸含量分别占发酵产物总含量的36%,33%,18%,13%.没有占绝对优势的发酵产物.气相中的氢气含量30%～35%,其最大产氢能力为1.3m³/(m³·d).生物制氢反应器混合酸发酵稳定运行期各种产酸发酵细菌处于均势地位,以球菌和杆菌为主.     

双氧水生产废水的治理工程实例

对蒽醌法双氧水生产的废水的性质作了简要介绍,针对该类污染物提出了隔油+气浮+催化氧化+生物碳塔为核心的治理工艺。着重介绍了该工程的实际运行情况及运行中遇到的问题,并加以分析。     

线路板生产丝印区有机废气的净化

针对电子线路板厂洁净房丝印区有机废气污染的问题,选择间歇式固定床活性炭吸附法净化有机废气的工艺流程,通过制冷能力和吸附量的估算,设计空塔气速为0 . 6m s,吸附剂为果壳活性炭,装填高度为1m ,分双层多个抽屉式填装,运行后,实际监测净化效果明显,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的净化效率分别为81 .5 9% ,83. 5 0 % ,85 . 4 3% ,换下的废活性炭经再生解吸后可循环使用。回收的有机溶剂掺在柴油中作为发电机的燃料。     

丁酸型发酵生物制氢反应器的运行特性研究

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),利用厌氧活性污泥以糖蜜废水为底物发酵产氢,探讨了丁酸型发酵生物制氢反应器稳定运行的工程控制参数,并运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis,DGGE)对微生物菌群结构稳定性进行了分析.研究表明,在污泥接种量(SS)为15g·L-1、温度为(35±1)℃、容积负荷为40kg·m-3·d-1、水力停留时间(HRT)为4h条件下,可以获得CSTR丁酸型发酵的最大产氢速率2 37m3·(m3·d)-1.此时系统的pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)分别在5 2～5 5、-480～-500mV之间.液相末端发酵产物中乙酸和丁酸、乙醇、丙酸、戊酸的含量分别占挥发酸总含量的70%,20%,7%,6%.气相中的氢气含量在30%～40%之间.根据PCR DGGE指纹图谱显示此时期丁酸型发酵优势菌群在反应器内结构保持稳定.     

火电厂清洁生产的可持续性分析与评估

从企业生态角度分析了火电厂清洁生产的可持续性;运用能值理论对火电厂清洁生产的可持续性进行了评估;以某发电厂采用清洁生产为实例进行了可持续性分析,结果表明:火电厂清洁生产的可持续性明显提高。     

企业安全生产标准化体系的成长性态诊断

为了诊断企业安全生产标准化体系成长性态,将安全生产标准化内化为企业的安全管理方法,基于过程管理的基本理论,按照行为特性与工作流程,从策划行为域、实施行为域、可信度行为域3个层次界定安全生产标准化的体系结构;其次,从成熟度级别、共同特性和通用活动3个构成要素划分成长性态层次结构;然后,将安全生产标准化的体系结构和成长性态层次标识为企业安全生产标准化水平的二维结构,提出基于模糊区间的安全生产标准化体系成长性态诊断方法.结果表明,调查企业的安全生产标准化体系成长性态诊断结果位于规范级,但存在不平衡问题,在评估与确立安全目标、安全培训、细化安全目标要求、交底与配备资源和可信度论据等方面诊断值较低,需要加以改进.     

Assessment of mammal reproduction for hunting sustainability through community‐based sampling of species in the wild

Wildlife subsistence hunting is a major source of protein for tropical rural populations and a prominent conservation issue. The intrinsic rate of natural increase. (r_max) of populations is a key reproductive parameter in the most used assessments of hunting sustainability. However, researchers face severe difficulties in obtaining reproductive data in the wild, so these assessments often rely on classic reproductive rates calculated mostly from studies of captive animals conducted 30 years ago. The result is a flaw in almost 50% of studies, which hampers management decision making. We conducted a 15‐year study in the Amazon in which we used reproductive data from the genitalia of 950 hunted female mammals. Genitalia were collected by local hunters. We examined tissue from these samples to estimate birthrates for wild populations of the 10 most hunted mammals. We compared our estimates with classic measures and considered the utility of the use of r_max in sustainability assessments. For woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris), wild birthrates were similar to those from captive populations, whereas birthrates for other ungulates and lowland‐paca (Cuniculus paca) were significantly lower than previous estimates. Conversely, for capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus), agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), and coatis (Nasua nasua), our calculated reproductive rates greatly exceeded often‐used values. Researchers could keep applying classic measures compatible with our estimates, but for other species previous estimates of r_max may not be appropriate. We suggest that data from local studies be used to set hunting quotas. Our maximum rates of population growth in the wild correlated with body weight, which suggests that our method is consistent and reliable. Integration of this method into community‐based wildlife management and the training of local hunters to record pregnancies in hunted animals could efficiently generate useful information of life histories of wild species and thus improve management of natural resources.     

大型浅水湖泊太湖霍甫水丝蚓次级生产力的研究

作为湖泊底栖动物优势种类的霍甫水丝蚓在长江中下游湖泊分布广泛,在湖泊生态系统的能流和物流中占有十分重要的地位。为了了解霍甫水丝蚓在大型浅水湖泊中的种群动态规律、生活史和周年生产量等的状况,于2005年1~12月对太湖霍甫水丝蚓进行周年的研究,以期为了解太湖这一优势种类的生产力状况及合理利用这一资源提供理论依据。研究发现,2005年太湖霍甫水丝蚓年均密度和生物量分别为3 274ind./m~2(0~13 800ind./m~2)和4.70g/m2(0~29.15g/m~2),一般均在冬季达到高峰,空间分布上霍甫水丝蚓密度和生物量呈现出明显的差异性,在太湖北部梅梁湾和竺山湾及西部河口湖区分布较高,而在其它区域的现存量均较低。根据体长频数分布的周年变化特征,推测太湖霍甫水丝蚓约为一年三代,繁殖可能发生在3、7和11月份期间。2005年太湖霍甫水丝蚓年生产量为480.21g·m~(-2)·yr-1,P/B为14.17,与同类研究报道相比属于较高水平。分析表明太湖霍甫水丝蚓的高世代数导致其高P/B系数,而高周年生产量与其所处的营养水平相对较高有关,这对于太湖渔产潜力具有显著意义。     

Research on the transmission mechanism of low-carbon policies: an empirical study of agricultural companies

Companies bear primary responsibility for low-carbon economy, thus relevant low-carbon policies should be set properly to guide them and to ensure their low-carbon production effectively. To solve the problems generated during low-carbon development, this article verifies the existence of the transmission path and strength. This verification includes mediating variables of companies’ willingness and capacity to conduct low-carbon production, a transmission mechanism through incentive path and resources protection, and questionnaire data of agricultural companies. Conclusions show that the low-carbon policies have obvious positive effects on willingness of corporation; the basic service-oriented policy has a significantly promoting effect on low-carbon production capacity; and low-carbon production performance is positively influenced by willingness as well as capability. Aiming at a better transmission path, some corresponding recommendations have been put forward in the end.