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61.
Past on-site experience was linked to the crowding perceptions and use displacement of 383 on-site visitors to the peri-urban
Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria. Three visitor groups were determined according to their area experience: local
residents from Vienna and rural communities, having the highest level of experience; regional visitors from the city and eastern
Austria; and tourists from Austria and abroad with the lowest degree of experience. Crowding perceptions were significantly
different across the user groups. More than 50% of local residents perceived the national park as crowded, whereas only 27%
of regional visitors and 19% of tourists reported such an evaluation. Even among local residents and regional visitors, respondents
with more on-site experience expressed a greater impression of a crowded park. Differences in crowding evaluations between
local rural and urban residents and between regional rural and urban visitors were not found. For 27% of local residents and
15% of regional visitors, use levels were so unacceptable that they displaced temporally and spatially, whereas use displacement
was relatively irrelevant for tourists. The use displacement strategies involved differ among the three user groups. Management
implications were discussed, taking the specific situation of the small national park on the urban-rural fringe into consideration. 相似文献
62.
This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were
collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical
issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s
impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential
for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes
in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to
deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features
were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation
and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted
to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring
all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on
our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given. 相似文献
63.
In the EU-FP7 project APPRAISAL the current practice for integrated assessment modelling (IAM) of air quality in the EU was reviewed, limitations were identified and guidance for improvements was provided. In this article we present the guidance proposed by APPRAISAL. This guidance takes into account that a single IAM solution does not exist but that the different elements of the IAM methodology can be addressed in more or less detail taking into account the available data, the regional/local specificities, the financial resources and the actual purpose of the assessment. 相似文献
64.
The need for environmental and urban planning reached a critical point in the year 2007, when one-half of the world's population
could be defined as living in cities. Urbanisation in India is also increasing at a fast rate. Urban chaos in India, emanating
from the continuous ignorance of fragile ecosystems, calls for the reshaping of existing cities as ‘eco-cities’. The ‘eco-city’—a
well-known concept in the western world—is new to the Indian context. While western connotations of eco-cities should not
be discarded outright in the context of India, core concerns vary significantly for obvious reasons. Recognising two facts—firstly,
eco-city development is altogether a fresh approach to human settlement development in India, and, secondly, the manifold
increase in the vulnerability of cities—this paper discusses documented good practice, reinforcing evolution towards the eco-city
vision. Lessons drawn from the examples cited are further deconstructed in the light of their contribution to urban risk reduction,
which provides direction to appreciating the ‘disaster-resilient eco-community’ concept in Puri, a coastal city in India.
Further, this paper attempts to unravel existing community-based practices in Puri, which are boon to the local environment
and invariably reduce disaster risk. These seemingly modest neighbourhood initiatives symbolise immense societal wealth, which
can be calibrated appropriately for reducing urban environmental risk as well. This paper also illustrates how a ‘disaster
resilient eco-community’ approach is inevitable in the present and future contexts not only to preserve sustainable development
gains but also to secure human well-being. 相似文献
65.
TEKLE K 《Environmental management》1999,23(4):419-427
/ Understanding the problems of land degradation and seeking long-lasting solutions to these problems should be one of the central concerns of countries such as Ethiopia where agriculture is the mainstay of no less than 85% of the population. To this end, the collaboration of policy makers, researchers, donor agencies, and the local people is indispensable. In this paper an attempt is made to discuss the causes of land degradation and the reasons for the failure in the endeavors made to solve the problems. Possible solutions, which may help to ameliorate the situation, are also suggested. The study deals with South Wello (a region in northern Ethiopia), but the assessment is, by and large, a reflection of most of the highlands in the country. KEY WORDS: Agroforestry; Donor agencies; Food for work; Hillside closures; Land rehabilitation; Local participation; Population growth; Reforestation 相似文献
66.
Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Udaya Sekhar N 《Journal of environmental management》2003,69(4):339-347
Conservationists in the recent years view local peoples' support for protected areas management as an important element of biodiversity conservation. This is often linked to the direct benefits, which local communities get from the protected areas. These benefits could be in the form of biomass resources, park funds diverted to local villages by state agencies and revenue from wildlife tourism. There are a very few studies which have attempted to study the direct relationship between benefits from wildlife tourism and local support for conservation. In India, wildlife tourism is restricted, and mostly controlled by state and private agencies. Wildlife conservation policy does not view tourism in protected areas as a source of revenue for the local communities. The present study examines the local people's attitudes towards wildlife tourism and the impact of benefits from tourism on the local support for Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), India. STR is a flagship for tourism where protected areas are increasingly being visited and where local support for wildlife tourism has not been studied adequately. Results indicate that two-thirds of the respondents were positive towards tourism and support for conservation. The respondents were aware that more tourism benefits are possible from a well-conserved protected area. There appears to be correlation between benefits obtained by local people from wildlife tourism and other sources, and support for protected area existence, suggesting that benefits impact people's attitudes towards conservation. Some of the main problems are the unequal distribution of tourism benefits, lack of locals' involvement in tourism and development. There is a need to clearly address these issues, so that protected areas may get the support of local people, which may lead to sustainable development. 相似文献
67.
Preventing groundwater contamination is vastly cheaper than remediation. Recognizing this, attention in water and land management
agencies in North America increasingly turn to groundwater protection. Local agencies, such as municipalities and watershed
management districts, are vital to successful groundwater protection, but they face daunting challenges. In the United States,
senior governments have recognized these challenges and provide considerable support for local agencies. In Ontario, Canada,
local agencies are, to a much greater extent, on their own. The aims in this paper are to analyze factors that shape local
capacity for groundwater protection, focusing on Ontario, and to recommend avenues for capacity building. Interrelationships
among five dimensions of capacity (technical, financial, institutional, social, and political) are explored through an analysis
of three smaller Ontario communities: City of Guelph (population 93,400), Town of Orangeville (population 22,188), and Town
of Erin (population 11,000). Size clearly influences capacity for groundwater protection. However, other considerations unrelated
to size appear to be as important. These other factors include the ability to form horizontal and vertical linkages with external
agencies, political leadership and commitment, and citizen involvement. Thus, smaller communities in Ontario (and other jurisdictions
with limited senior government support) would do well to focus on these areas at the same time as they develop their technical,
financial, and institutional capacity. 相似文献
68.
C. -H. Lee 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1998,24(3-4)
A resource depletion index can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the level of depletion for natural resources. This study introduces two types of resource depletion indices, the global resource depletion index and the local resource depletion index. Global resource depletion index mainly concerns global reserves and the annual consumption rate of these resources. The local resource depletion index not only considers global reserves and their annual consumption rate, but also considers the local factors such as local reserves, local recycling rates, and local resource import characteristics. This study considers the local resource characteristics of Taiwan and develops calculations for local resource depletion indexes for the resources of cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc. 相似文献
69.
Toward Sustainable Management of National Parks in Japan: Securing Local Community and Stakeholder Participation 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Hiwasaki L 《Environmental management》2005,35(6):753-764
Japan’s national park system constitutes a potentially viable mechanism for securing local community participation and building stakeholder consensus for sustainable park management, although the potential of this system is yet to be fully maximized. This article gives an overview of the system of protecting natural resources in Japan, focusing on the national park system. Parks are managed by zoning and regulation, which is unique in that land is not “set aside” for nature conservation, but designated as national park wherever the need to preserve “scenic beauty” has been recognized, regardless of land ownership or land use. Although resource conservation under this system has been problematic, it has advantages, especially in terms of community participation. This article demonstrates that in order to reach the system’s potential, the park authority must act as coordinator of stakeholders and facilitator of bottom-up approaches to decision-making. In order to do this, steps that must be taken include the following: identifying the various stakeholders in park management and defining the “local community”; clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder; and supporting consensus-building among stakeholders regarding the objectives and long-term vision of each park. By taking these steps, it would be possible to build a park management system that overrides government boundaries and involves local communities. This will enable the park authority to address the challenges facing Japan’s complex system of conserving natural resources, and move towards sustainable management of natural resources in Japan. 相似文献
70.
Masaaki Fukushima Misao Shioya Keiji Wakai Hidetoshi Ibe 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):11-18
Sapporo Plastics Recycling Co., Ltd., (SPR) started its commercial operation of waste plastics liquefaction in 2000. At first
only hydrocarbon oil was reclaimed, this being derived from the waste plastics liquefaction process under the Japanese Containers
and Packaging Recycling Law. Presently, thermal degradation residue and hydrochloric acid are being produced as by-products
in addition to the hydrocarbon oil. As a result, the SPR plastics liquefaction plant has achieved a high reclamation rate
of 96%, and 93% of the recycled products have been reused in Hokkaido, where SPR is located. The technical problems caused
by corrosion and clogging have been solved.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献