新疆农用地变化的环境效应

土地生态环境问题一直都是专家、学者研究的热点话题，土地利用的生态环境效应曼是人们日益关注的问题。以新疆1996—2004年农用地详查数据为依据，在分析研究土地利用的变化特点的基础上，阐述了农用地变化产生的环境效应。尽管农用地数量在整体上是增加的，但是土地沙化、退化，水土流失、生物多样性减少等一系列生态环境恶化现象仍在继续。因此，新疆农用地要在水资源的承戴范围内适度增加。目前，新疆农用地变化给整体环境带来负面的效应。仅使局部生态环境改善。整体环境变坏。因此。新疆在土地利用中，要以此为鉴。加强生态环境建设，注重各种功能用地的结合。     

腈纶废丝的化学处理及产物的应用(续一)

(接上期)2 2 2　合成絮凝剂刘宇、褚庆辉[9] 使腈纶废丝与双氰双胺(DCD)在N ,N -二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的溶液中充分混合,在碱性条件下,升温到1 0 0℃,剧烈搅拌,反应4h后用盐酸中和,水洗,于5 0℃恒温下干燥过夜,制得絮凝剂PAN -DCD ,产品为黄色粉末,产率为89 7%,特性粘数为1 0 65ml/g(二甲基亚砜溶液,2 0℃)。该絮凝剂既可用于分散性染料废水的处理,也可用于阳离子染料废水的处理。图4即为PAN -DCD与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)及I-DA有机高分子絮凝剂对分散性染料脱色率的对照实验的除色率曲线。图4　三种絮凝剂用量对分散性染料废水脱色效…     

Wetland cultivation and hydrological management in eastern Africa: Matching community and hydrological needs through sustainable wetland use

Wetlands are critical natural resources in developing countries where they perform a range of environmental functions and provide numerous socio-economic benefits to local communities and a wider population. In recent years, however, many wetlands throughout eastern Africa have come under extreme pressure as government policies, socio-economic change and population pressure have stimulated a need for more agriculturally productive land. Although wetland drainage and cultivation can make a key contribution to food and livelihood security in the short term, in the long term there are concerns over the sustainability of this utilization and the maintenance of wetland benefits. This article draws upon recent research carried out in western Ethiopia, which addressed the sustainability of wetland agriculture in an area of increasing food insecurity and population pressure. It discusses the impacts of drainage and cultivation on wetland hydrology and draws attention to local wetland management strategies, particularly those characterized by multiple use of wetlands, where agriculture exists alongside other wetland uses. The article suggests that where multiple wetland uses exist, a range of benefits can be sustained with little evidence of environmental degradation. Ways of promoting and empowering such sustainable wetland management systems are discussed in the context of the wider need for water security throughout the region.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics in variable population interactions with density-dependent interaction coefficients

In this article, I present a two-patch metapopulation model with locally explicit dynamics to study the effect of spatial heterogeneity and dispersal upon population interactions with variable or conditional outcomes. These are interactions that may be either detrimental or beneficial for each species depending on the balance of the density-dependent costs and benefits involved. The local dynamics respond to density-dependent α-interaction functions that may change sign, thus yielding a diversity of possible local outcomes for the association in terms of type of interaction and in the number of stable solutions. The spatiotemporal model predicts that the fragmentation of space and dispersal between patches may cause further variation in these outcomes. First, the demographic performance of a species in the association is enhanced if migrations cause a proportional increase of individuals of its own species; being so, a victim may become a mutualist or an exploiter, an excluded species may invade, and a good competitor may overcome its own carrying capacity: the ‘enhancement effect of dispersal’; a sort of rescue effect in source-sink dynamics. The underlying mechanisms involve an interplay between density-dependent effects of dispersal per se and the relative local and global average α-interaction functions, which involve costs and benefits at both the local and regional level that may either counteract or reinforce each other; thus, localities and/or populations may change dynamically their sink or source role in the spatial dynamics. A significant insight arises herewith: in the context of variable or conditional interactions the concept of the role of a species does not make strict sense; it becomes a spatiotemporal dynamic quality. Second, regardless of which species disperses, bifurcation of equilibria may occur in those patches that receive the migrating individuals, and annihilation of equilibria in those from where migration leaves; thus, the number of equilibria increases or decreases accordingly.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质分子组成变化的整合分析

利用生物标志物研究土壤有机质（SOM）分子组成可用于分析有机质的来源及降解,从分子层面揭示土壤有机碳（SOC）的稳定机制.为了进一步明确不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质分子组成的影响,通过对已发表的研究数据进行整合分析,研究了全球尺度上农田、草地和森林这3种土地利用方式下有机质分子组成（游离脂质、角质、木栓质和木质素）的变化.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下有机质分子组成有明显差异,森林土壤游离态脂类（烷烃、烷酸、烷醇和环脂）、角质和木质素酚含量显著高于草地和农田,草地和森林土壤的木栓质含量无显著差异,草地木栓质与角质的比值最高,平均为2.96,农田和森林平均分别为1.68和2.21.农田土壤的丁香基的酸醛比（Ad/Al）_S和香草基的酸醛比（Ad/Al）_V最大,分别为1.25和1.58,显著高于草地（0.46和0.69）和森林（0.78和0.7）.且相关性分析结果表明,农田土壤中,木栓质与年均降雨量（MAP）和黏粒呈显著相关,角质与黏粒呈显著相关,木质素与年均温度（MAT）、MAP、砂粒和容重呈显著相关;草地土壤中,总游离脂质与MAP和容重呈显著相关,木栓质和角质均与MAT和MAP呈显著相关,木质素与MAP、pH、砂粒和容重呈显著相关;森林土壤中,仅木质素与MAP和砂粒呈显著相关.总体而言,3种土地利用方式下,森林土壤中有机碳和各分子组分含量均较高,草地土壤中植物根系对于土壤有机质的贡献更大,农田土壤中,由于人为耕作活动而加速了木质素的降解.未来研究应进一步关注土壤理化性质和气候条件对于有机质分子组成的调控.     

A Long-Term Forecast Analysis On Worldwide Land Uses

Abstact More and more lands worldwide are being cultivated for food production while forests are disappearing at an unprecedented rate. This paper aims to make a long-term forecast on land uses worldwide and provide the publics, researchers, and government officials with a clear profile for land uses in the future. Data of land uses since 1961 were used to fit historical trajectories and make the forecast. The results show that trajectories of land areas can be well fitted with univariate linear regressions. The forecasts of land uses during the coming 25 years were given in detail.Areas of agricultural land, arable land, and permanent pasture land worldwide would increase by 6.6%, 7.2%, and 6.3% respectively in the year 2030 as compared to the current areas. Permanent crops land area all over the world is forecasted to increase 0.64% by 2030. By the year 2030 the areas of forests and woodland, nonarable and nonpermanent land worldwide would decrease by 2.4% and 0.9% against the current areas. All other land area in the world would dramatically decline by 6.4% by the year 2030.Overall the land area related to agriculture would tend to decrease in developed countries, industrialized countries, Europe, and North and Central America. The agriculture related land area would considerably increase in developing countries, least developed countries, low-income countries, Asia, Africa, South America, etc.Developing countries hold larger total land area than developed countries. Dramatic and continuous growth in agricultural land area of developing countries would largely contribute to the expected growth of world agricultural land area in the coming years. Population explosion, food shortage and poverty in the world, especially in developing countries, together caused the excessive cultivation of land for agricultural uses in the past years. Increasing agricultural land area exacerbates the climate changes and degradation of environment. How to limit the growth of human population is a key problem for reducing agricultural land expansion. Development and use of high-yielding and high-quality crop and animal varieties, diversification of human food sources, and technical and financial assistance to developing countries from developed countries, should also be implemented and strengthened in the future in order to slow down or even reverse the increase trend of agricultural land area. Sustainable agriculture is the effective way to stabilize the agricultural land area without food shortage. Through various techniques and measures, sustainable agriculture may meet the food production goals with minimum environmental risk. Public awareness and interest in sustainable agriculture will help realize and ease the increasing stress from agricultural land expansion.     

探讨昆明城区污水处理厂污泥处置方案

城市污水处理所产生的污泥产量巨大而且成分复杂,如何避免二次污染并合理利用污泥中的有效成分,已经成为世界热点难题之一。污泥处理处置技术主要从污泥的减量化、无害化、资源化着手。文章对污泥处置技术做了分析,结合昆明市污水处理厂污泥处理现状,探讨适合昆明市中远期发展的污泥处置方法。     

不确定背景环境下车道检测技术的研究

针对不确定背景的交通环境,提出一种新的车道检测算法。确定道路路面的色彩范围,提取车道标线的色彩信息,消除光照强度变化对车道标线信息提取过程的影响;通过对比车辆与车道标线在大小、形状和运动模式3方面的差异排除车道中车辆对车道线检测的干扰;单帧图像的车道检测结果存储于车道一致性确认模块中,运用车道标志线一致性确认提高车道检测结果的准确性。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测各种天气条件下车道区域以及解决车道遮挡问题。     

基于双层规划的危险品运输专用车道优化设计

为更有效地设置危险品运输专用车道,在降低运输风险的同时减少专用道对路权的占用,从路网整体出发,以总体出行成本最小、路网运输风险最小和专用道利用率最大为目标,构建双层规划模型;使用NSGA-2算法求解双层规划模型,结合算例网络进行分析,验证模型和算法的有效性.结果表明:模型可综合考虑路网风险和总体出行成本,得到有效的专用...     

Road Traffic Noise Prediction Model under Interrupted Traffic Flow Condition

The objective of this study is to develop an empirical traffic noise prediction model under interrupted traffic flow conditions using two analytical the approaches, the first being the acceleration lane approach and second being the deceleration approach. The urban road network of Bangalore city has been selected as the study area. Sixteen locations are chosen in major traffic junctions of the study area. The traffic noise data collected from the study locations were analyzed separately for both acceleration and deceleration lanes when vehicles leave an intersection on a green traffic light and come to a stop on red traffic light. Based on the study, a regression noise prediction model has been developed for both acceleration and deceleration lanes.