西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19～2007-01-21 (冬季)和2007-04-01～2007-04-30 (春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM₁₀及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、 62.4和7.5 μg/m³,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、 66.1和6.9　μg/m³,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、 26.7和6.9 μg/m³,夜晚分别为362.1、 31.9和8.6 μg/m³.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2 μg/m³,远高于春季(2.8和3.4 μg/m³),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

珠江三角洲大气颗粒物研究进展

珠江三角洲地区大气颗粒物污染严重,本文对该地区大气颗粒物的研究进展进行了综述。该地区大气颗粒物具有区域性污染特征。不同采样点不同时间离子浓度有明显差异,它们的形成和转化与大气化学过程有关。OC中的烷烃和多环芳烃多存在于细粒子中,并且二次OC含量较高。珠江三角洲地区大气颗粒物的污染源主要包括工业点源的排放、城市建设、机动车尾气等。     

查干湖富营养化状况高光谱遥感评价研究

通过分析查干湖水体水质参数与其高光谱反射特征之间的响应关系,采用单波段与波段比值等算法分别建立了湖水水质的高光谱定量反演模型;同时结合修正营养状态指数(TSIM)模型,针对水质参数的实验室数据和高光谱模型模拟数据,对查干湖富营养化程度进行了监测和评价,并进行了验证.结果表明:1)利用高光谱监测模型对湖泊富营养化状况进行监测和评价,能够获取较为准确的评价结果;2)单项指数评价法由于只针对一个指标进行评价,不适合用来进行水体富营养化评价,采用修正营养状态指数TSIM(AVE)方法,可以对查干湖水体富营养化程度进行正确的评价.评价结果显示,查干湖水体处于富营养化状态,需要采取措施防止进一步恶化.     

Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015

Trajectory clustering, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were applied to investigate the transport pathways and identify potential sources of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in different seasons from June 2014 to May 2015 in Beijing. The cluster analyses showed that Beijing was affected by trajectories from the south and southeast in summer and autumn. In winter and spring, Beijing was not only affected by the trajectories from the south and southeast, but was also affected by trajectories from the north and northwest. In addition, the analyses of the pressure profile of backward trajectories showed that backward trajectories, which have important influence on Beijing, were mainly distributed above 970 hPa in summer and autumn and below 950 hPa in spring and winter. This indicates that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were strongly affected by the near surface air masses in summer and autumn and by high altitude air masses in winter and spring. Results of PSCF and CWT analyses showed that the largest potential source areas were identified in spring, followed by winter and autumn, then summer. In addition, potential source regions of PM₁₀ were similar to those of PM_2.5. There were a clear seasonal and spatial variation of the potential source areas of Beijing and the airflow in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, more effective regional emission reduction measures in Beijing''s surrounding provinces should be implemented to reduce emissions of regional sources in different seasons.     

公路隧道中可吸入颗粒物化学组分特征研究

为了解公路隧道中可吸入颗粒物污染水平及化学组分特征,笔者于2006年9月1日在交通繁忙的石黄隧道中间及入口处进行了可吸入颗粒物（PM10）同步采样,并对样品进行了化学成分分析。根据PM10质量浓度监测以及样品的元素、OC＼EC及离子成分分析结果,对隧道口及隧道中的PM10的污染状况和化学成分特征进行了对比分析。PM10浓度监测和化学成分分析结果表明：石黄隧道环境空气中PM10质量浓度明显高于隧道外的浓度,隧道内PM10污染比较严重;隧道内PM10的离子浓度明显低于隧道外,而OC、EC浓度则又明显高于隧道外,另外其元素中Ca、Al、Si等浓度也明显高于隧道外,这些化学成分特征显示,隧道内的PM10主要来源于机动车尾气及道路扬尘。     

西宁市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

在西宁市7个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明:扬尘、煤烟尘和土壤风沙尘是造成该市TSP和PM10污染的主要源类。扬尘是造成该市颗粒物污染的首要因素,控制城市扬尘污染是城市环境空气颗粒物达标的关键。     

Effect of ceramic industrial particulate emission control on key components of ambient PM10

The relationship between specific particulate emission control and ambient levels of some PM₁₀ components (Zn, As, Pb, Cs, Tl) was evaluated. To this end, the industrial area of Castellón (Eastern Spain) was selected, where around 40% of the EU glazed ceramic tiles and a high proportion of EU ceramic frits are produced. The PM₁₀ emissions from the ceramic processes were calculated over the period 2000–2006, taking into account the degree of implementation of corrective measures throughout the study period. Abatement systems were implemented in the majority of the fusion kilns for frit manufacture in the area as a result of the application of the Directive 1996/61/EC, leading to a marked decrease in PM₁₀ emissions. By contrast, emissions from tile manufacture remained relatively constant because of the few changes in the implementation of corrective measures. On the other hand, ambient PM₁₀ levels and composition measurements were carried out from 2002 to 2006. A high correlation between PM₁₀ emissions from frit manufacture and ambient levels of Zn, As, Pb and Cs (R² from 0.61 to 0.98) was observed. On the basis of these results, the potential impact of the implementation of corrective measures to reduce emissions from tile manufacture was quantified, resulting in a possible decrease of 3–5 μg/m³ and 2 μg/m³ in ambient mineral PM₁₀ (on an annual basis) in urban and suburban areas, respectively. This relatively simple methodology allows us to estimate the direct effect of a reduction in primary particulate emissions on ambient levels of key particulate components, and to make a preliminary quantification of the possibilities of air quality improvement by means of further emission reduction. Therefore, it is a useful tool for developing future air quality plans in the study area and in other industrialised areas.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

基于GIS和大气数值模拟技术评估兰州市PM10的人群暴露水平

利用2001年1月1日~31日兰州市城区PM10月均观测浓度和CMAQ空气质量模式模拟出的PM10月均浓度,基于GIS平台,将污染物浓度与人口的空间分布图层相叠加,并采用PM10人口加权算法,定量评估了兰州市居民的颗粒物暴露水平,并对应用这2套数据的评估结果进行了对比.结果表明,与使用观测数据相比,模拟的PM10浓度空间梯度较大,模拟结果更加细致地展示了PM10浓度在兰州城区的分布,同时PM10浓度的最小值和最大值跨度也较大.对比人口加权前后PM10浓度发现:人口加权后,从城区人口的空间分布来讲,兰州市有较多的人口分布在污染较重的地区.     

2014年宝鸡市大气颗粒物时空分布特征分析

基于2013年12月和2014年全年宝鸡市8个自动空气质量监测子站的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的监测数据,探讨PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的时间分布特征和空间分布特征。结果表明:PM_(10)的日平均浓度为118.23μg/m~3,全年中PM_(10)超过二级标准的天数为80 d,超标率为22%;PM_(2.5)的日平均浓度为68.93μg/m~3,全年中PM_(2.5)超过二级标准的天数为92 d,超标率为25%;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的浓度有明显的季节差异。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度由高到低的季节依次是冬季、春季、秋季和夏季;不同的监测点位中,解放军第三陆军医院监测点位的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度对于宝鸡市大气颗粒物的污染贡献率相对其他点位较高,主要是其地理位置导致的。