抚顺市大气污染颗粒物来源特征研究

在5个采样点分别采集了环境大气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用富集因子分析法和化学质量平衡法解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明,各主要污染源对TSP的主要分担率为煤烟尘41.6%,扬尘29.1%,冶金尘5.3%,建筑水泥1.5%,汽车尾气0.8%,燃油0.4%,有机碳21.3%;对PM10的主要分担率为煤烟尘45.8%,扬尘26.8%,冶金尘4.4%,建筑水泥0.5%,汽车尾气1.3%,燃油0.2%,有机碳20.9%。     

黄石市夏季昼间大气PM10与PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳污染特征

2012年7月,对黄石市城区夏季昼间大气颗粒物PM10与PM2.5样品进行采集,并用热/光反射法(TOR)分析其中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC).结果显示,新老城区PM10中OC平均含量分别为14.60μg·m-3和18.70μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为4.70μg·m-3和11.02μg·m-3;PM2.5中OC平均含量分别为11.89μg·m-3和13.66μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为2.28μg·m-3和4.96μg·m-3.研究结果表明,夏季昼间黄石市新老城区大气PM10与PM2.5中碳组分浓度变化趋势相同,且老城区大气PM10、PM2.5中的OC和EC含量普遍要比新城区高,且PM10中OC、EC在总碳(TC)的质量分数均高于在PM2.5中,说明黄石市老城区碳污染状况较新城区要严重,其夏季昼间大气粗颗粒物中碳的含量更高.通过对OC/EC及8个碳组分进行探讨,发现黄石市大气颗粒物中OC易形成二次污染,而EC排放以烟炱为主,夏季燃煤和机动车尾气是黄石碳污染的重要污染源,生物质燃烧也具有一定影响.     

基于故障树理论的舰船海水管系腐蚀失效原因分析及应用

针对某型船板式冷却器B10海水管路频繁穿孔漏水问题,本文基于故障树分析理论,以故障海水管路的腐蚀环境、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀机理为层次,将可能导致海水管路穿孔漏水的各种因素作为底事件列出,通过逻辑联系形成上述问题管路的故障树模型。在逐一分析故障树各项底事件的发生原因和典型表现后,将故障原因定位为B10管路与冷却器钛合金板片之间发生异种金属电偶腐蚀,并进行了原理复现,以验证分析的正确性,最终提出包括增加电绝缘组件在内的一系列治理措施,在船上实施后,取得了较好的治理效果。该分析方法可为各类舰船海水管路腐蚀问题的分析定位和治理防护提供借鉴。     

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 atcoastal region, Cape D'Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10)were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Inductive CouplePlasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn,As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, Al, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. Theconcentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the Vor noncrustal V(V* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regionaloil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn* /V* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSPand PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn*/V* are probably represent fossil combustion andBi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimaxrotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis(APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of traceelements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species,although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

Rates of particulate pollution deposition onto leaf surfaces: Temporal and inter-species magnetic analyses

Evaluation of health impacts arising from inhalation of pollutant particles <10 μm (PM₁₀) is an active research area. However, lack of exposure data at high spatial resolution impedes identification of causal associations between exposure and illness. Biomagnetic monitoring of PM₁₀ deposited on tree leaves may provide a means of obtaining exposure data at high spatial resolution. To calculate ambient PM₁₀ concentrations from leaf magnetic values, the relationship between the magnetic signal and total PM₁₀ mass must be quantified, and the exposure time (via magnetic deposition velocity (MV_d) calculations) known. Birches display higher MV_d (∼5 cm⁻¹) than lime trees (∼2 cm⁻¹). Leaf saturation remanence values reached ‘equilibrium’ with ambient PM₁₀ concentrations after ∼6 ‘dry’ days (<3 mm/day rainfall). Other co-located species displayed within-species consistency in MV_d; robust inter-calibration can thus be achieved, enabling magnetic PM₁₀ biomonitoring at unprecedented spatial resolution.     

应用地质累积指数评价抚顺市PM10中元素的污染

2006-2007年采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季分别在抚顺市的6个采样点采集PM10样品,用等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定样品中Ti、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd、Fe、V等17种元素的含量,并用地质累积指数对其污染状况进行初步评价。结果表明:(1)从PM10中元素在不同采样点的含量看,抚顺市PM10中Ti、Mn、Mg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co这9种元素在各采样点间的差别较大;Al、Ca、Na、K、As、Cd、Fe、V这8种元素差别较小。(2)从PM10中元素在不同采样季的含量看,抚顺市PM10中Mn、Mg含量的季间差别较大,其余15种元素季间差别较小。(3)Zn、Cd污染较重;Ti、Al、Mg、Ca、Na、K、As、Fe和V污染较轻;其他6种元素在6个采样点和3个采样季污染程度差别较大。(4)水库采样点各元素污染级别均不是最高;新华采样点PM10中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd污染级别均较高。(5)3个采样季PM10中Cd、Zn污染均较重,属于重度或严重污染;在采暖季PM10中Cu、Pb、Cr的地质累积指数较风沙季、非采暖季大;在非采暖季PM10中Mn、Co受到的污染比采暖季和风沙季稍严重。     

重庆市春季大气颗粒物浓度的对比监测分析

通过2012年春季在重庆大气超级站进行的PM10和PM2.5手工采样与自动仪器的对比监测,分析了自动监测与手工监测的一致性及造成偏差的原因,并对PM2.5与PM10浓度的比值关系进行了分析。结果表明:MP101M型颗粒物自动监测仪用于监测PM10时系统性误差偏高,仪器初始精密度存在负偏差;用于监测PM2.5时系统性误差在允许范围之内,仪器初始精密度存在较大负偏差;PM10和PM2.5的手工采样和自动仪器监测值之变化趋势具有非常高的一致性;PM2.5与PM10浓度比值范围在56.5%～90.4%,平均比值为(73.8±7.4)%。     

基于模糊综合评判的汶川8.0级地震重灾区滑坡泥石流气候风险评估

用1971-2000年的30年逐日降水量资料,按旬统计汶川地震重灾县5-12月各旬的雨日、中雨日、大雨日、暴雨日的平均日数和气候概率,根据地震重灾区实际地质环境条件,降低强降雨强度条件,基于模糊综合评判法,按照最大隶属度原则对汶川特大地震重灾区的39个县进行地质灾害时空气候风险评估。结果表明:重灾区的地质灾害气候风险指数值存在两个高值期间,一个是5月中旬至7月上旬,另一个是8月下旬至9月下旬。而10月下旬至次年4月,重灾区降雨明显减少,绝大部分地区没有地质灾害气候风险;从地域分布来看,高风险区域主要集中在重灾区的西部和中部,风险等级为3～4级(风险较大或很大),东部地区风险等级为1～2级(中等风险或风险较小),但7月下旬高等级风险区位置集中在重灾区的南部和东部。     

新型等离子体同时脱除多种烟气污染物净化系统

燃煤电厂烟气中各种污染物一般是混合在一起的,针对此实际情况将等离子体技术与传统静电除尘器相结合,改传统电除尘器电源为高压直流＋高频高压交流使之达到产生等离子体要求的电源,研制一种同时脱除烟气中PM2.5~PM10和多种气体污染物的新型烟气净化系统。该系统不仅可以同时脱除多种污染物,且不产生二次废弃物,其改造和运行费用均在接受范围内,因此是一种具有应用潜力的系统。     

Determination and analysis of PM10 source apportionment during episodes of air pollution in Central Eastern European urban areas: The case of wintertime 2006

Source apportionment of air pollution due to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀) was investigated in Central Eastern European urban areas. A combination of four methods was developed to distinguish long-range transport (LRT) and regional transport (RT) from local pollution (LP) sources as well as to discern the involvement of traffic or residential sources in LP. Sources of PM₁₀ events of pollution were determined in January 2006 in representative Polish cities using monitored air quality and meteorological data, backward air mass trajectories, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Daily patterns of PM₁₀ levels show that several peak episodes were registered in Poland; January 21–30th being the most polluted days. Air mass back-trajectory analysis shows that all cities were under the influence of LRT from North-eastern origins (Russia–Belarus–Ukraine), most were also under LRT from Southern origin (Slovakia, Czech Republic), and northern cities were under national RT influence. PCA analysis shows that ion-sums of secondary inorganic aerosols account for LRT pollution while arsenic and chromium represents markers of RT (industrial) and LP (residential) sources of PM₁₀, respectively. Determination of several ratios (REG/UB, REG/TRAF, TRAF/UB) calculated between PM₁₀ levels measured at regional background (REG); urban background (UB) and traffic (TRAF) monitoring sites shows that, with ratios REG/UB ≥ 0.57, PM₁₀ episodes in both Szczecin and Warsaw bore a marked RT origin. The lower REG/UB ≤ 0.35 in the Southern cities of Cracow and Zabrze indicates that LP was the main contributor to the observed episodes. Only PM₁₀ episodes in Southern-western Poland (Jelenia Góra) were clearly of LP origin as characterized, by the lowest REG/UB ratio (<0.2). The high TRAF/UB ratios obtained for all cities (close to 1) indicate that there was a great uniformity of PM levels on an urban scale owing to the meteorologically stagnant conditions. A high correlation between PM₁₀, NO₂ and CO confirms that traffic emission represented a common and an important LP source of urban pollution in most Polish cities during January 2006. On the other hand PM₁₀ which is also highly correlated with SO₂ in 4 cities out of 6, indicates that coal combustion through domestic heating or industrial activities was also an important LP source of PM₁₀. Finally, extremely unfavourable meteorological conditions caused by the influence of a Siberian high-pressure system were found to be associated with the occurrence of severe PM₁₀ episodes of pollution.