Multi-level governance for large marine commons: Politics and polycentricity in Palau's protected area network

This paper brings together institutional theories of polycentricity and critical human geography theory on scalar politics to advance understanding of the form and function of nested, polycentric regimes for the governance of large-scale common pool resources. We focus on institutional changes associated with a national marine protected area network in Palau through which national government and NGOs gain influence in local decision-making processes. Influence is gained through an attempt to scale up common-pool resource governance to an ecologically-relevant spatial scale in an effort to protect coral reef resilience and biodiversity across Palau. An institutional approach informed by scalar politics brings into focus potential tradeoffs between organizing governance reform around ecologically versus institutionally relevant scales. Our analysis suggests that prioritization of ecologically-relevant scales in institutional reform resulted in more nested but less polycentric institutional arrangements governing the network. We conclude that less distributed decision-making in the overall nested governance system could threaten the sustainability and resilience of coral reefs in the long-term by constraining institutional innovation and diversity. Results demonstrate the potential for interdisciplinary dialog to advance the research frontier on multi-level governance for large common pool resources.     

典型铁路工程水土流失情况调查研究

在我国水力侵蚀亚区内选取几条施工中铁路进行现场水力侵蚀实验调查,对铁路施工期水力侵蚀情况调查和研究,并在我国5个水力侵蚀亚区内的铁路施工期水力侵蚀进行人工降雨试验和侵蚀沟调查,研究结果得出5个侵蚀亚区内各铁路工程类型施工期水土流失等级、加速侵蚀因子和侵蚀模数。结论表明,交通工程边坡水力侵蚀程度受施工工程特点影响非常明显,新型构造物的形成将引发严重的土壤侵蚀现象。     

Planning for robust reserve networks using uncertainty analysis

Planning land-use for biodiversity conservation frequently involves computer-assisted reserve selection algorithms. Typically such algorithms operate on matrices of species presence–absence in sites, or on species-specific distributions of model predicted probabilities of occurrence in grid cells. There are practically always errors in input data—erroneous species presence–absence data, structural and parametric uncertainty in predictive habitat models, and lack of correspondence between temporal presence and long-run persistence. Despite these uncertainties, typical reserve selection methods proceed as if there is no uncertainty in the data or models. Having two conservation options of apparently equal biological value, one would prefer the option whose value is relatively insensitive to errors in planning inputs. In this work we show how uncertainty analysis for reserve planning can be implemented within a framework of information-gap decision theory, generating reserve designs that are robust to uncertainty. Consideration of uncertainty involves modifications to the typical objective functions used in reserve selection. Search for robust-optimal reserve structures can still be implemented via typical reserve selection optimization techniques, including stepwise heuristics, integer-programming and stochastic global search.     

南京东郊风景区旅游环境容量初步研究

通过对南京东郊风景区的实地考察和问卷调查的统计分析，从旅游者的旅游动机、旅游行为方式等方面论述了旅游环境容量的确定和意义，并提出了调控对策和管理意见。     

攀枝花地区河流沉积物的重金属污染研究

攀枝花市是长江流域经济带上游区第一城，几十年的开发建设使该地区的经济、社会得到了飞速的发展，但同时也造成了一定的环境影响。采用地质累积指数评价了该区水系沉积物中的重金属污染状况，结果表明，水系沉积物中各元素的污染程度由高到低为：Ti、Cu、V、Pb、Zn、Cr、As；总体上看，各元素在攀钢采矿场、选矿厂、冶炼厂及尾矿坝等地的污染程度较高，表明该区水系沉积物中重金属和攀枝花地区金沙江水质的污染主要与该区钒钛磁铁矿的采、选、冶等矿业活动有关。该区应采取如下措施减轻环境影响：(1)加强矿区环境恢复和环境管理，确保区域资源、环境、经济、社会可持续发展；(2)加强城市环境监测，特别是重金属和其他微量元素污染的监测，进行城市生态环境安全预警。     

三峡库区荔枝,龙眼的适宜性评价与开发利用

荔枝、龙眼等南亚热带水果是三峡库区的特色水果，不论从栽培历史和当地的气候条件看都适宜在库区的川江河谷地段种植；恢复和发展荔枝、龙眼生产的主要技术措施有：加速品种更新改造、搞好种植区划和发展规划以及合理增加投入和加强储藏保鲜技术研究与应用等。     

Conservation of living resources in a changing world

Conservation of living resources is no longer parochial in scope; it is a global challenge. Ecological, social, political, and business interests operate in a network that reaches across seas, continents, and nations. Industries, including the electric utility industry, are diversifying in products and expanding into international markets. They soon discover that, while all nations have common goals for their peoples, conservation and environmental issues in less-developed nations have different dimensions and norms than are encountered in Western, affluent societies. In developing countries, survival is more of an issue than quality of life, and burgeoning human numbers have put tremendous pressures on resources including wildlife and its habitats. Human population, urbanization of society, changes in single-species to ecosystem and landscape levels of management, and protectionists and animal rights philosophies are influences with which conservation of resources and the environment must contend. The human condition and conservation efforts are inextricably linked. Examples to demonstrate this fact are given for Project Tiger in India, the jaguar in Latin America, and the Serengeti ecosystem in Kenya and Tanzania.     

沈阳经济技术开发区循环经济实践与对策

在分析沈阳经济技术开发区经济、环境现状及所面临的问题和挑战时,不仅要考虑各种因素对循环经济建设的影响和要求,还要关注循环经济、生态工业对社会经济发展的促进和带动作用。并以此为基础探索一个适合沈阳经济技术开发区的生态工业园模式,以促进区域经济结构的战略调整,实现可持续发展的战略目标。     

煤炭矿区环境成本支出与控制

近年来,我国煤炭矿区历史遗留环境问题已经在一定程度上得到遏制,但煤炭矿区产生的经济效益与环境破坏之间的矛盾仍然比较突出。为促使煤炭产业的可持续发展,创建生态型煤炭矿区,本文对煤炭矿区现存的环境问题进行剖析,依据其剖析结果确认并核算矿区环境成本支出及环境成本支出与控制存在的问题,并对煤炭矿区的发展提出相应的控制措施。     

三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应

坡地果园水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以皇竹草篱为纽带间植于坡地果园营建复合生态模式,对草篱拦蓄泥沙、径流的效应进行了长期观测。结果表明：草篱间植的应用能有效减少坡地果园的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量减少更为显著,与传统果园经营模式相比,径流量减少了5871%~6574%,侵蚀量减少了7070%~7792%。同时,草篱间植的应用对减少养分的流失总量效果也相当显著,对减少库区面源污染,保持和提高坡地果园的土地生产力具有重要作用,为三峡库区坡地果园的利用与保护提供了技术与模式支撑。