Revisiting Kappa to account for change in the accuracy assessment of land-use change models

Land-use change models are typically calibrated to reproduce known historic changes. Calibration results can then be assessed by comparing two datasets: the simulated land-use map and the actual land-use map at the same time. A common method for this is the Kappa statistic, which expresses the agreement between two categorical datasets corrected for the expected agreement. This expected agreement is based on a stochastic model of random allocation given the distribution of class sizes. However, when a model starts from an initial land-use map and makes changes to it, that stochastic model does not pose a meaningful reference level. This paper introduces K_Simulation, a statistic that is identical in form to the Kappa statistic but instead applies a more appropriate stochastic model of random allocation of class transitions relative to the initial map. The new method is illustrated on a simple example and then the results of the Kappa statistic and K_Simulation are compared using the results of a land-use model. It is found that only K_Simulation truly tests models in their capacity to explain land-use changes over time, and unlike Kappa it does not inflate results for simulations where little change takes place over time.     

A room for living: Private and public aspects in the experience of the living room

This paper presents findings from a study on people's uses and experiences of their living rooms. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with sixteen middle-class residents of the Metropolitan New York area. Interviews were conducted in participants' living rooms, and were supplemented by observations, sketches and still-photographs. In the past, social scientists have viewed the living room as serving the purpose of communicating the dwellers' image to guests. Findings from the present study show that dwellers may use their living rooms not only to host guests, but also for their own solitary uses, as well as for sharing time with partners. All uses were found to be meaningful and pertinent to the dwelling experience. Findings also reveal that the living room may provide opportunities for intimacy between dwellers and their partners, as well as between dwellers and their guests. For all participants living rooms contained objects that were highly meaningful to them. It is suggested that objects in the living rooms are used to instigate and mediate contemplation about significant others, as well as to regulate the amount of intimacy desired with guests.     

中低产水稻土障碍类型图编制雏议——以广东博罗县龙溪镇为例

中低产水稻土障碍类型图是通过各种不同形状的图斑与符号,反映区域内中低产水稻土的障碍因素、土壤环境、土壤物理和土壤化学性质的空间分布状况。本文是编制1:5万中低产水稻土障碍类型图的初步偿试。通过对37个具有代表性的中低产水稻土障碍性剖面的实地勘查、119个样品的理化分析结果,以及参考有关的图件资料,运用野外考察及室内分析的方法进行制图。该障碍类型图,可为区域中低产水稻土的改良利用提供科学依据。     

GENERALIZED SKEW COEFFICIENTS OF ANNUAL FLOODS FOR LOUISIANA STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: A generalized skew map for Louisiana streams was developed using data from Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas with 20 or more years of annual flood records. A comparison between the newly developed Louisiana Generalized Skew Map (LGSM) and the generalized skew map recommended by the U.S. Water Resources Council (WRCGSM) was performed. The mean square error for the LGSM was 16 percent less than that of WRCGSM in direct application of the two maps. Performance of the new map was compared with the WRCGSM and with a regional analysis procedure through its application to the Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distribution. Two-thirds of the stations tested had lower standardized root mean square deviations (SRMSD) by a narrow margin using the skew coefficients obtained from LGSM instead of WRCGSM. The regional analysis also performed as well as the LGSM in terms of SRMSD. Thus, it was concluded that both LGSM and the regional analysis provide a more reliable tool for flood frequency analysis for Louisiana streams with short annual flood records.     

基于天地图API的地质灾害管理信息系统研究与应用

在通过天地图API获取基础地理信息并辅以地质灾害专题数据的基础上,研究了移动GIS、Web API、LBS等技术的融合运用,结合地质灾害业务管理流程,设计开发出一套地灾管理系统。根据应用环境不同系统分为移动终端和指挥管理平台两套子系统,移动终端主要实现灾点现场调巡查记录、业务分析、速报及数据上传,指挥管理后台主要实现数据分析、任务指派和信息管理等功能。应用实例中针对移动GIS端与Web端的数据管理和交互反馈作出评述,并就未来应用方向作出展望。     

基于GIS的地铁保护区信息管理系统应用研究

针对地铁安全保护区内作业项目繁杂、风险源多、周期长、难以管理等问题,基于GIS技术,利用百度地图建立了地铁保护区信息管理系统,论述了系统的数据结构、总体框架和技术路线。实例表明,该系统实现了地铁保护区内项目从土地出让到施工全过程信息的存储、查询、统计、管理以及信息共享等功能,为地铁的安全运营和外部风险源追溯等提供了信息化支持。     

Emerging conflict in collaborative mapping: Towards a deeper understanding?

In spatial planning and environmental management, maps are found very helpful in many situations, but in other situations they may also deepen conflicts or be ignored. This paper addresses the question what explains such phenomena, with particular emphasis on, and reference to, collaborative policymaking settings in the Netherlands. We have elaborated the concept of 'frames' and 'framing' to structure and analyze the function of maps in the context of deliberative policymaking. With help of discourse analysis, a method adopted from the policy sciences, we have observed ongoing multi-actor processes and focused on discussions around maps in several case studies. From the observations of both the maps themselves and the discussions and actions with the maps, we have interpreted the meaning and frames represented 'in' the map images, as well as the various perspectives of actors 'on' the collaborative use of the map. We have conceptualized three fundamentally different perspectives or frames on the function of maps in the decision-making process. The cross-frame debate over maps is illustrated with the recollection of one particular map-making example. We conclude that the conflicts observed in a number of case studies can be adequately explained with help of the three identified frames, and provide some recommendations for the profession of mapping.     

基于GIS的升金湖自然保护区管理信息系统建设

介绍了应用面向对象程序设计语言visual Basic6．0和地理信息系统控件Map Objects开发升金湖自然保护区管理信息系统的总体思想和技术路线,阐述了自然保护区管理信息系统的开发方式、数据库建设及其主要功能,该系统对升金湖自然保护区管理部门提高管理水平有着重要意义。     

Methodology to design a municipal solid waste generation and composition map: A case study

The municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important task that local governments as well as private companies must take into account to protect human health, the environment and to preserve natural resources. To design an adequate MSW management plan the first step consist in defining the waste generation and composition patterns of the town. As these patterns depend on several socio-economic factors it is advisable to organize them previously. Moreover, the waste generation and composition patterns may vary around the town and over the time. Generally, the data are not homogeneous around the city as the number of inhabitants is not constant nor it is the economic activity. Therefore, if all the information is showed in thematic maps, the final waste management decisions can be made more efficiently. The main aim of this paper is to present a structured methodology that allows local authorities or private companies who deal with MSW to design its own MSW management plan depending on the available data. According to these data, this paper proposes two ways of action: a direct way when detailed data are available and an indirect way when there is a lack of data and it is necessary to take into account bibliographic data. In any case, the amount of information needed is considerable. This paper combines the planning methodology with the Geographic Information Systems to present the final results in thematic maps that make easier to interpret them. The proposed methodology is a previous useful tool to organize the MSW collection routes including the selective collection. To verify the methodology it has been successfully applied to a Spanish town.     

论生态侵权

文章从理论上界定生态侵权的基本含义,阐释了生态侵权与民事侵权、环境侵权、生态犯罪的联系与区别,论述了生态侵权在主体、主观方面、客体、客观方面的法律特征,意欲为生态侵权理论的完善与发展构筑坚实的基础.