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111.
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of increasing concern, but are to date not widely investigated in the environment, largely due to the challenges involved in their quantification. Here, SCCPs were quantified in marine sediments from the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, by gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-ECNIMS) and through carbon skeleton analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), and the analytical challenges encountered are discussed. Concentrations in the sediments ranged from 0.4 to 69 μg kg−1 when determined by GC-ECNIMS, and from 5.6 to 379 μg kg−1 when determined by GC-FID. For 8 out of 11 samples, analysis by GC-FID gave higher results than analysis by GC-ECNIMS. Unexpected aspects of the analysis, such as the presence of high concentrations of longer chain chlorinated paraffins in the samples, are also presented. 相似文献
112.
Increasing environmental concerns and the introduction of technologies based on renewable resources have stimulated the replacement of persistent petroleum-derived plastics with biodegradable plastics from biopolymers. As a consequence, a variety of products are currently manufactured from bioplastic, including carrier bags. This series of studies investigated the deterioration of carrier bags made with Mater-Bi (MB), a starch-based bioplastic, in soil, compost and two aquatic ecosystems, a littoral marsh and seawater. Results from the laboratory study indicated that bioplastic carrier bags were rapidly deteriorated in soil and compost. After three months of incubation, weight loss of specimens was of 37% and 43% in soil and compost, respectively. Conversely, little deterioration was observed in specimens buried in soil under field conditions or exposed to water of a littoral marsh and of the Adriatic Sea. These findings were consistent with the greater number of bacteria and especially fungi capable of degrading MB that were recovered from soil and compost with respect to the two aquatic ecosystems. Considering that a variety of microbial isolates are capable of using MB as a source of carbon, a new alternative to recycle these MB-based carrier bags was explored. More specifically, starchy residues from bags were fermented by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae to produce up to 35 mg of lactic acid per g of bag residues. 相似文献
113.
Munschy C Héas-Moisan K Tixier C Olivier N Gastineau O Le Bayon N Buchet V 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):229-237
The uptake and elimination of six PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -209) were studied in juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) exposed to spiked contaminated food over a three-month period, then depurated over a five-month period. The results show that all of the studied PBDEs accumulate in fish tissues, including the higher brominated congener BDE-209. Several additional PBDE congeners were identified in the tissues of exposed fish, revealing PBDE transformation, mainly via debromination. The identified congeners originating from PBDE debromination include BDE-49 and BDE-202 and a series of unidentified tetra-, penta-, and hepta- BDEs. Contaminant assimilation efficiencies (AEs) were related to their hydrophobicity (log Kow) and influenced by PBDE biotransformation. Metabolism via debromination appears to be a major degradation route of PBDEs in juvenile sole in comparison to biotransformation into hydroxylated metabolites. 相似文献
114.
In this study, the activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb were determined in mussel samples (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea. The samples were collected seasonally for a period of two years (2004-2006) at six coastal stations (Çanakkale, Dikili, Foça, Çe?me, Didim, Bodrum). Mussels were separated into several groups according to their size (1-4, 4-6, >6 cm). The results showed that 210Po concentrations in mussels varied between 53 ± 4 and 1960 ± 60 Bq kg−1 dw. The highest activity 210Po concentrations were determined in winter samples of mussels with a shell length of 4-6 cm from Didim. In general, it was observed that the 210Pb concentration levels in mussels were lower than 210Po concentrations. The 210Po/210Pb activity concentration ratios exceeded unity for all mussel samples and averaged 26.0. The inter-site differences seen in 210Po concentrations can be due to both the natural background levels of sites and industrial activities. 相似文献
115.
User fees can contribute to the financial sustainability of marine protected areas (MPAs), yet they must be acceptable to
users. We explore changes in the fee system and management of Bonaire National Marine Park (BNMP) from the perspective of
users. Responses from 393 tourists indicated that 90% were satisfied with park conditions and considered current user fees
reasonable. However, only 47% of divers and 40% of non-divers were prepared to pay more. Diver willingness-to-pay (WTP) appears
to have decreased since 1991, but this difference could be due in part to methodological differences between studies. Although
current fees are close to diver maximum stated WTP, revenues could potentially be increased by improving the current fee system
in ways that users deem acceptable. This potential surplus highlights the value of understanding user perceptions toward MPA
fees and management. 相似文献
116.
The imperative to further constrain extractive uses of natural resources will strengthen as resources degrade through over-use
or exposure to climate changes. Here, we explore an approach to increase the support for marine conservation among coral reef
fishers. We explore the proposition that resource dependency in the Egyptian Red Sea can act as a barrier to conservation.
We administered face-to-face surveys to 49% of the fishing industry to: (i) identify the level of compliance to the local
marine protected area (MPA), (ii) assess the level of dependency on marine resources in the region and (iii) examine the relationship
between resource dependency and conservation attitudes. Only 11.4% of fishers were aware of the MPA. Fishers were mostly limited
in their social flexibility and livelihood options. Results suggest that resource dependency is highly and negatively correlated
with conservation attitudes suggesting that management efforts need to seriously focus on reducing dependency if conservation
goals are to be met. 相似文献
117.
Rocky intertidal habitats frequently are used by humans for recreational, educational, and subsistence-harvesting purposes,
with intertidal populations damaged by visitation activities such as extraction, trampling, and handling. California Marine
Managed Areas, particularly regulatory marine reserves (MRs), were established to provide legal protection and enhancement
of coastal resources and include prohibitions on harvesting intertidal populations. However, the effectiveness of MRs is unclear
as enforcement of no-take laws is weak and no regulations protect intertidal species from other detrimental visitor impacts
such as trampling. The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine impacts from human visitation on California mussel
populations (Mytilus californianus) and mussel bed community diversity; and (2) to investigate the effectiveness of regulatory MRs in reducing visitor impacts
on these populations. Surveys of mussel populations and bed-associated diversity were compared: (1) at sites subjected to
either high or low levels of human use, and (2) at sites either unprotected or with regulatory protection banning collecting.
At sites subjected to higher levels of human visitation, mussel populations were significantly lower than low-use sites. Comparisons
of mussel populations inside and outside of regulatory MRs revealed no consistent pattern suggesting that California no-take
regulatory reserves may have limited effectiveness in protecting mussel communities. In areas where many people visit intertidal
habitats for purposes other than collecting, many organisms will be affected by trampling, turning of rocks, and handling.
In these cases, effective protection of rocky intertidal communities requires an approach that goes beyond the singular focus
on collecting to reduce the full suite of impacts. 相似文献
118.
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been hailed worldwide as vehicles toward sustainable development (SD) in coastal zones.
The prominent model by which MPAs operate is through a comanagement approach, a shift from traditional top-down management.
This paradigm shift must be reviewed continuously to evaluate its social and ecological impacts, thereby allowing adaptive
management. We evaluated the perceived impacts of the Cogtong Bay Mangrove Rehabilitation Project (CBMRP; Philippines) by
using 12 perception indicators categorized into 3 comanagement impact criteria (equity, efficiency, and sustainability). We
also collected 16 contextual attributes of each respondent to determine the correlates of perceived impacts. Our results showed
that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity
and sustainability criteria. Access to resource and household income (equity) and fisheries abundance (sustainability) were
perceived to have decreased during the last 15 years and were not expected to improve in the future. Stepwise multiple regression
analysis showed that the asymmetries of the perceived impacts of the CBMRP were principally caused by disparities in perceptions
by gender and by location (Candijay and Mabini). This highlighted the importance of cross-scale institutional linkages between
Cogtong Bay municipalities to systematically address baywide management issues. Our results further demonstrated the necessity
of integrating gender issues into the evaluation of MPA impacts to ensure a robust evaluation. Finally, we recommend that
a rigorous evaluation of MPAs using a common set of impact indicators should be encouraged to allow comparison of studies
both spatially and temporally. 相似文献
119.
Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and seagrass species--validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) was measured in water, sediment, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Samples were collected in three locations of the north-western Mediterranean (Canari, Livorno and Porto-Torres) which present different levels and sources of human impact. Analyses in the different compartments (water, sediment, M. galloprovincialis and P. oceanica) have allowed to identify Canari as the most Cd, Co, Cr and Ni contaminated site; Livorno as the most Hg contaminated and Porto-Torres as the most Pb contaminated. Furthermore, for the first time, metal concentrations found in P. oceanica have been compared with those found in the water column, in the sediment and in the recognized metal bio-indicator species M. galloprovincialis and the results obtained have led to the same conclusions. Thus, this study allows to validate the use of P. oceanica as metal biomonitor of coastal waters. 相似文献
120.
Cheryle Hislop 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(1):119-129
The notion of creating marine protected areas (MPAs) in the high seas has been hailed as “an idea whose time has come”, and
advocates are calling for them to be part of a global representative system to be established by 2012. It is argued in this
paper that embedding the high seas MPA concept in the macro-goal of a global representative system subsumes more pragmatic
and politically acceptable “micro-actions”. Development of politically contentious policy proposals such as high seas MPAs
may have a better chance of success if they proceed by increments and are negotiated outside the limelight of a full scale,
temporally defined global project. The following paper critically analyses the salience of international environmental agreements
in the context of high seas MPAs and suggests a prototype MPA established by means of a negotiated agreement between a small
number of countries which share political will and technological capacity to make a difference. Modelled on the recently implemented
Titanic Accord, the prototypical high seas MPA would allow parties to develop a collaborative, rules-based regime which could be used to
manage the actions of citizens involved in activities that may have a negative impact on the specified area. 相似文献