企业环保设施市场化运营瓶颈的经济博弈分析

从经济学角度构建了企业环境污染的理论模型。并运用制度经济学与博弈论原理揭示我国企业环境污染行为与企业环保设施市场化运营瓶颈的内在原因，据此给出制度改革的有效建议。     

Fire risk reduction through a community‐based risk assessment: reflections from Makola Market,Accra, Ghana

This paper explores the level of vulnerability to the hazard of fire that exists in Makola Market in Accra, Ghana, and assesses how this threat can be reduced through a community‐based risk assessment. It examines the perceptions of both market‐stall occupants and primary stakeholders regarding the hazard of fire, and analyses the availability of local assets (coping strategies) with which to address the challenge. Through an evaluation of past instances of fire, as well as in‐depth key stakeholder interviews, field visits, and observations, the study produces a detailed hazard map of the market. It goes on to recommend that policymakers consider short‐to‐long‐term interventions to reduce the degree of risk. By foregrounding the essence of holistic and integrated planning, the paper calls for the incorporation of disaster mitigation measures in the overall urban planning process and for the strict enforcement of relevant building and fire safety codes by responsible public agencies.     

Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation,mutualism and mating

The formation of collaborating pairs by individuals belonging to two different classes occurs in the contexts of reproduction and intea-specific cooperation as well as of inter-specific mutualism. There is potential for partner choice and for competition for access to preferred partners in all three contexts. These selective forces have long been recognised as important in sexual selection, but their impact is not yet appreciated in cooperative and mutualistic systems. The formation of partnerships between members of different classes has much in common with the conclusion of trade agreements in human markets with two classes of traders, like producers and consumers, or employers and employees. Similar game-theoretical models can be used to predict the behaviour of rational traders in human markets and the evolutionarily stable strategies used in biological markets. We present a formal model in which the influence of the market mechanism on selection is made explicit. We restrict ourselves to biological markets in which: (1) Individuals do not compete over access to partners in an agonistic manner, but rather by outcompeting each other in those aspects that are preferred by the choosing party. (2) The commodity the partner has to offer cannot be obtained by the use of force, but requires the consent of the partner. These two restrictions ensure a dominant role for partner choice in the formation of partnerships. In a biological market model the decision to cooperate is based on the comparison between the offers of several potential partners, rather than on the behaviour of a single potential partner, as is implicitly assumed in currently accepted models of cooperation. In our example the members of one class A offer a commodity of fixed value in exchange for a commodity of variable value supplied by the other class, B. We show that when the B-class outnumbers the A-class sufficiently and the cost for the A-class to sample the offers of the B-class are low, the choosiness of the A-class will lead to selection for the supply of high value commodities by the B-class (Fig. 3a). Under the same market conditions, but with a high sampling cost this may still be the evolutionariy stable outcome, but another pair of strategies proves to be stable too: relaxed choosiness of class A coupled with low value commodities supplied by class B (Fig. 3b). We give a number of examples of mating, cooperative and mutualistic markets that resemble the low sampling cost situation depicted in Fig. 3a.     

Interfacial forces between silica surfaces measured by atomic force microscopy

Colloidal particle stability and some other interfacial phenomena are governed by interfacial force interactions. The two well known forces are van der Waals force and electrostatic force, as documented by the classical Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Moreover, advances in modern instrumentation and colloid science suggested that some short-ranged forces or structure forces are important for relevant colloidal systems. The interfacial and/or molecular forces can be measured as a resultant force as function of separation distance by atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloid probe. This article presents a discussion on AFM colloid probe measurement of silica particle and silica wafer surfaces in solutions with some technical notifications in measurement and data convolution mechanisms. The measured forces are then analyzed and discussed based on the ‘constant charge’ and ‘constant potential’ models of DLVO theory. The di erence between the prediction of DLVO theory and the measured results indicates that there is a strong short-range structure force between the two hydrophilic surfaces, even at extremely low ionic concentration, such as Milli-Q water purity solution.     

Capturing market impacts of farm level policies: a statistical extrapolation approach using biophysical characteristics and farm resources

Technical change at the farm level or changes in input prices often have an impact on the firm's supply function, which in turn affect their economic and environmental performance. These changes can take place in numerous ways. This paper presents a methodology that increases the consistency of supply responses across various sets of agricultural products and most representative farm typologies in Europe, with a market model based on a statistical response function approach. Since most farm simulation models are limited to a subset of regions and farm types, the linkage to an aggregated model requires a procedure for expanding these results to non-sample regions to achieve full regional coverage. This paper addresses theoretical aspects related to the consistency between micro and market level models. The proposed approach is applied using a consistent set of simulation results from farm models in seven European regions. Our results show a fairly stable behaviour of the farm models considered for the analysis and quite good fit of the estimated response surface. As results are still preliminary we critically reflect on the applicability of this method in addressing further needs on up-scaling of other economic as well as environmental indicators.     

环境权益及其市场化代理制度

提出了一个以新制度经济学方法分析环境问题及其控制方式的理论模型,并据此提出了当前环境保护工作实现制度创新的思考,其逻辑思路是：由环境资源的稀缺性引起的用于满足人类生存需要和生产需要这两种环境功能之间的矛盾,外化为人类生存性和生产性两型环境权益的冲突;解决这个冲突的两种制度安排─市场和政府─都存在着各自的“失灵”,因此,需要设计和实施一种使两者结合起来的更高形式的制度安排,途径之一是建立和实施以“法律框架、公众参与、代理公司”为要素的“环境权益之市场化代理制度”。当前我国环境保护工作正面临着这种制度创新的契机。     

武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。     

强风中高速列车安全性研究

选用某国产动车1∶1模型,对高速列车在不同的侧风速度和风向角作用下运行进行模拟计算,得到列车所受气动力变化情况,研究气动力随风向角的变化机理。模拟结果表明,该车型在不同强度和不同风向角侧风作用下,侧向力、升力和倾覆力矩均随着侧风作用的增强而显著增大,在强侧风作用下,头车所受侧向力及倾覆力矩最大,较易发生倾覆事故;而尾车所受侧向力及倾覆力矩最小,相对安全。随风速和风向角的增大,受电弓和转向架对倾覆力矩的贡献均增大,在模拟时不可忽略;在风向角大于5°小于90°的范围内,列车各个部位的气动力与风向角呈3次方关系递增。     

晋北地区1986~2010年土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力

为定量研究不同时期区域土地利用变化的不同驱动特征,以地处农牧交错带的晋北地区为例,采用非监督分类与人工目视解译相结合的方法,获取研究区1986~2010年间的土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）状况,采用典范对应分析（CCA）方法定量分析了不同阶段LUCC的自然与人为驱动特征.结果表明：1）CCA在分析长时期序列LUCC驱动力上有较好的解释力,CCA排序可以很好地提取LUCC与自然、人为因素之间的关系,反映不同时期土地利用变化受到的驱动作用;2）研究区土地利用类型以耕地、草地、林地为主,土地利用变化类型以耕地与草地、林地与草地之间的互相转移为主;3）从不同时期LUCC的驱动因子来看,人口密度、人均国内生产总值（GDP）、降水、坡度和高程是研究区各时期LUCC的主要驱动力;研究区在1986~1995年间LUCC的主要驱动力来自于人口增长和经济发展的需求,而随着时间的推进,坡度和高程等地形因素的驱动作用也愈来愈重要;4）从不同地类变化的驱动因子来看,耕地、草地等地类向居民用地、工矿用地转移的主要驱动力是人口和经济的发展;而林地,草地等土地覆被类型之间的转移主要受到坡度,高程和降水等自然因素的驱动.     

安徽省近10年能源足迹测度及驱动因子分析

安徽省为生态建设省,随着中部崛起战略与皖江城市带承接产业转移示范区建设的实施,能源消费给当地生态环境形成了较大压力. 依据生态足迹模型对安徽省2000—2009年能源足迹进行了时间序列测度,基于STIRPAT模型揭示了能源足迹驱动因子的边际贡献,运用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了2015年与2020年能源足迹. 结果表明:安徽省人均能源足迹由2000年的0500 8 hm2增至2009年的1043 5 hm2,人均能源足迹赤字由2000年的0432 9 hm2扩至2009年的0975 5 hm2;煤炭足迹对能源足迹平均贡献率为7629%,占主导地位;能源足迹强度由2000年的1083 3 hm2104元降至2009年的0704 7 hm2104元;研究时段内,能源足迹生态压力指数均大于5 人均GDP和第二产业在经济中所比例均与能源足迹呈正相关,二者边际弹性系数分别为0000 073 57和0006;而单位工业增加值能耗与能源足迹呈负相关,其边际弹性系数为-0186.