水体沉积物重金属生物有效性及评价方法

在研究以重金属为主要污染物的水体中,通常把沉积物视为探索环境重金属污染的工具。由于沉积物中重金属化学行为和生态效应的复杂性,对沉积物中重金属生物有效性的研究是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文就沉积物中重金属的生物有效性及沉积物质量评价方法作了简要评述。包括沉积物对水生生物的作用机理,孔隙水重金属浓度的估算,沉积物质量评价方法,沉积物质量基准。     

试论如何实现土地的伦理利用

土地利用伦理机制是可持续土地利用的经济、法律和行政管理措施的重要辅助之一。介绍了土地伦理利用的基本概念，探讨了基本原则，并从土地利用伦理与经济、法律、行政政策、教育手段等角度提出了土地伦理利用的实现途径。     

Alternative approaches to flood mitigation: a case study of Bangladesh

Floods were by far the most damaging type of natural disasters during the 1990s, in terms of both human impacts and socio-economic losses. Vulnerability to flooding disasters around the world is almost always differentiated by the socio-economic conditions of different income groups in the disaster area. In general, the poorer the income group (or the country) the more vulnerable it is likely to be to the adverse impacts of floods. The article argues that Bangladesh is the world's most flood-prone developing country in terms of the relative socio-economic impacts of floods. While conventional flood control strategies tend to be based on structural engineering approaches—such as the construction of large-scale embankments, diversion canals and dams—this article argues that more emphasis should be given to alternative, non-structural measures. The main lesson from recent flooding disasters in Bangladesh is that, in the absence of expensive structural measures, many non-structural ones can go a long way towards reducing vulnerability to and mitigating the impacts of floods.     

淮北地区小麦高产的生态限制因素与对策

本文在对影响淮北地区小麦高产的生态限制因素进行系统分析的基础上，提出了科学治水、施肥，合理灌溉，培肥地力，优化小麦群体动态结构等高产配套措施．     

Training of expatriate refugee health workers: Principles and practices

Abstract—This paper describes in detail the separate components of an ideal expatriate refugee health worker training course. Emphasis is given to organizational aspects of such courses.     

How the multilateral development banks can improve their technology transfer operations for water/sanitation projects in developing countries

Based on some 60 years of consulting practice in the field of environmental/sanitary engineering, about half in the USA and other affluent industrialized countries (ICs) and half with non-affluent developing countries (DCs), the Consultant summarizes the lessons leaned on why the technology transfer (TT) operation of the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and other International Assistance Agencies (IAAs) have failed to achieve effective transfer of appropriate technology to DC practicioners in the environmental/sanitary engineering field, and presents the Consultant’s recommendations on feasible measures by which MDBs can significantly improve their TT operations. Eleven specific measures are recommended, all believed to be feasible for use by MDBs, as follows: (i) post-construction monitoring of project performance, (ii) develop appropriate design criteria for key infrastructure sectors, (iii) be realistic on O&M expectations, (iv) increase infrastructure project budgets to support TT, (v) prepare appropriate technology textbooks, (vi) sponsor graduate university programs in appropriate TT, (vii) sponsor appropriate TT professional journal, (viii) furnish copies of selected 1C references to DC-ers, (ix) sponsor work-type training assignments in ICs, (x) plan TT projects as series of steps, (xi) utilize ratired IC-ers for peripatetic training in DCs.     

Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby,Canada

This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems.The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby sociobiophysical system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.     

Drivers of landholder participation in tender programs for Australian biodiversity conservation

Conservation tender program have been widely applied to biodiversity conservation in Australia and internationally in recent decades. Increasing participation rates is critical to these schemes, as competition is required for the cost-effectiveness benefits of the tender system to be fully realized. However, knowledge relating to the drivers of landholder participation in tender programs is limited. This study aims to identify the relative importance of different drivers of participation in Victorian conservation tenders. The novel method of maximum entropy ordinal regression is used given the small sample size, and supplemented with qualitative data obtained through face-to-face interviews. The regression analysis reveals that strong relationships between agencies and landholders and a low administrative burden drive increased participation. The provision of education, support, and easily-integrated management practices, however, may drive lower participation, with landholders confident to undertake conservation activities independently of assistance. Some evidence emerges that ten-year contracts may be well-received. A key concern is low additionality in biodiversity benefits, with typical tender participants displaying a strong conservation ethic and high levels of management activity pre-participation. This work has shown that in conservation policies involving self-selection by participants, economic incentives for adoption may be less important than non-monetary drivers.     

A comparative assessment of land management approaches in Bhutan

Arable land in Bhutan is under serious threats of land degradation. Proper land management approach is needed to control soil erosion problems. This study is an attempt to characterize and document the conventional and the community-based land management approaches, applied in Chukha and Dagana districts, respectively. The study tried to make a comparative assessment of their social, economic and environmental impacts on the participating farmers. Farmers’ level of participation in the program, implementation of the soil erosion control measures (SECM) and subsequent social, economic and environmental impacts were found to be significantly influenced by the type of approach applied. The study found that community-based approach is by any means better suited for the study sites than the conventional approach. The social, economic and environmental attributes of respondents from the community-based approach were found to have improved significantly as compared to the conventional approach. The community-based approach was thus found to have a higher potential to meet the diverse requirements of rural subsistence farming communities in Bhutan than the conventional approach.     

Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal

Soil erosion is the single most important environmental degradation problem in the developing world. Despite the plethora of literature that exists on the incidence, causes and impacts of soil erosion, a concrete understanding of this complex problem is lacking. This paper examines the soil erosion problem in developing countries in order to understand the complex inter-relationships between population pressure, poverty and environmental-institutional dynamics. Two recent theoretical developments, namely Boserup's theory on population pressure, poverty and soil erosion and Lopez's theory on environmental and institutional dynamics have been reviewed. The analysis reveals that negative impacts of technical change, inappropriate government policies and poor institutions are largely responsible for the continued soil erosion in developing countries. On the other hand, potential for market-based approaches to mitigate the problem is also low due to the negative externalities involved. A deeper appreciation of institutional and environmental dynamics and policy reforms to strengthen weak institutions may help mitigate the problem.