基于大涡模拟的甲烷点源排放无人机观测实验：排放速率及其不确定度估算

无人机已被证明是适用于甲烷点源排放速率估算的一种新颖且有效的观测平台,然而对其估算的准确度与不确定度尚缺乏有效分析与量化。利用包含已知排放速率被动示踪物的大涡模拟,再现了1种强湍流混合环境下的甲烷羽流并对羽流进行了连续多次模拟飞行观测实验,通过逆高斯方法（IG）和质量平衡方法（MB）对排放速率进行了估算并量化了其准确度与不确定度,最后对不同的飞行时间安排及差异化的空间飞行策略进行了探究以提升估算效果。结果表明,对于研究所涉及的大气混合条件,通过IG和MB方法对多次模拟飞行估算的排放均值可达到既定排放值的95.3%和86.1%,不确定度为56.6%和56.9%;通过单架无人机多次重复飞行采样进行估算可显著降低不确定度,5次重复飞行可降至＜30%;2架无人机在不同高度的同步飞行可使MB方法估算的不确定度降至35.2%～51.9%,IG方法则对该措施不敏感。研究仅考虑甲烷的传输扩散过程,结果也适用于其他被动示踪物的点源排放估算。     

广州地区稻田甲烷排放通量研究

1993～1994年连续2a在广州东郊采用自动采样和气相色谱分析系统测量了稻田甲烷的排放率,首次获得了华南地区赤红壤类型稻田甲烷排放特征和排放通量?结果表明:广州地区稻田甲烷排放率的日变化和季节变化随气温?灌溉状态及水稻不同生长期而变化,早稻甲烷平均排放量为1.6mg/(m2·h);晚稻为1.25mg/(m2·h),排放率较国内其他观测点低?在当地常规干湿灌溉方式下,估算得到广东和广西两省稻田甲烷排放总量约为0.26Tg/a?      

甲烷氯化物废水治理工艺的技术应用

在氯碱工业加工过程中会产生大量的甲烷氯化物废水,废水中含有大量的甲烷氯化物,该类废水不易处理,极大地影响了后续废水处理工作的开展。本文以某司甲烷氯化物具体试验为例,探讨高分子吸附剂在甲烷氯化物废水处理过程中的应用,在利用高分子吸附剂进行吸附的同时通过蒸汽吹脱使树脂中富集下来的甲烷氯化物得到分离回收,从而实现了废水的资源化,达到治废与资源利用的双重效果。     

Measurement of gas detonation blast loads in semiconfined geometry

The ignition and explosion of combustible vapor clouds represents a significant hazard across a range of industries. In this work, a new set of gas detonations experiments were performed to provide benchmark blast loading data for non-trivial geometry and explosion cases. The experiments were designed to represent two different accident scenarios: one where ignition of the vapor cloud occurs shortly after release and another where ignition is delayed and a fuel concentration gradient is allowed to develop. The experiments focused on hydrogen-air and methane-oxygen detonations in a semiconfined enclosure with TNT equivalencies ranging from 9 g to 1.81 kg. High-rate pressure transducers were used to record the blast loads imparted on the interior walls of a 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 1.8 m test fixture. Measurements included detonation wave velocity, peak overpressure, impulse, and positive phase duration. A comparison of the pressure and impulse measurements with several VCE models is provided. Results show that even for the most simplified experimental configuration, the simplified VCE models fail to provide predictions of the blast loading on the internal walls of the test fixture. It is shown that the confinement geometry of the experiment resulted in multiple blast wave reflections during the initial positive phase duration portion of the blast loading, and thus, significantly larger blast impulse values were measured than those predicted by analytical models. For the pressure sensors that experienced normally-reflect blast waves for the initial blast impulse, the Baker-Strehlow and TNT equivalency models still struggled to accurately capture the peak overpressure and reflected impulse. The TNO multi-energy model, however, performed better for the case of simple normally-reflected blast waves. The results presented here may be used as validation data for future model or simulation development.     

Dynamics of explosion venting in a compartment with methane-air mixtures

A series of experiments on explosion venting of methane-air mixtures are performed to scrutinize the pressure evolution as well as the flame dynamics and morphology at various vent conditions. Specifically, a premixed flame is ignited at the center of a polycarbonate cylindrical compartment, with three various vent areas considered (with negligible vent relief pressure). As expected, the highest maximum pressure is observed in the case of the smallest vent area. For all three cases, the pressure evolution experiences two major peaks, associated with the instants (i) when the maximum flame front surface area in the chamber is reached and (ii) when an external explosion occurs due to venting of unburned gases, respectively. For the fuel-rich mixtures, a flashback is observed subsequent to the external explosion, constituting the key outcome of the present work. The flame tip velocities show two general trends, namely, exponential acceleration towards the vent, while a flame propagates towards the blocked side of the compartment with no acceleration, which is important to know in the fire/explosion safety applications.     

Methane emissions from a dairy feedlot during the fall and winter seasons in Northern China

Accurately determining methane emission factors of dairy herd in China is imperative because of China’s large population of dairy cattle. An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with open-path lasers was used to quantify methane emissions from a dairy feedlot during the fall and winter seasons in 2009-2010. The methane emissions had a significant diurnal pattern during both periods with three emission peaks corresponding to the feeding schedule. A 10% greater emission rate in the fall season was obtained most likely by the higher methane emission from manure during that period. An annual methane emission rate of 109 ± 6.7 kg CH₄ yr⁻¹ characterized with a methane emission intensity of 32.3 ± 1.59 L CH₄ L⁻¹ of milk and a methane conversion factor (Y_m) of 7.3 ± 0.38% for mature cattle was obtained, indicating the high methane emission intensity and low milk productivity in Northern China.     

Impact of PCB-118 and transformer oil toxicity on anaerobic digestion of sludge: Anaerobic toxicity assay results

In this study, possible toxicity of increasing doses of PCB-118 and transformer oil (TO) on anaerobic sludge digestion was investigated. For this purpose, five different sets of reactors were prepared in which four different PCB-118 concentration (1, 10, 20, and 30 mg L⁻¹) and three different TO concentration (0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 g L⁻¹) were applied. Throughout the study, biogas production and composition, pH, TS, VS, and COD as well as PCB concentration were monitored. Toxicity was investigated by anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) evaluating the reduction in methane production. A notable inhibition was observed mostly in 30 mg L⁻¹ PCB reactors. A negative influence of PCB-118 and TO was observed on COD and solids removal. A maximum of 26.5% PCB-118 removal was attained.     

Reduction of Greenhouse Gases from Anaerobic Piggery Wastewater Treatment by Bromochloromethane in Taiwan

Abstract

This work establishes methods of reducing the amount of methane produced from the anaerobic treatment of piggery wastewater by either reducing the storage time before solid/liquid separation or inhibiting the activity of methanogens in anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Experimental results showed these two methods can be adopted effectively to reduce methane production resulting from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment. First, the wastewater must be processed using solid/liquid separation immediately after washing pig houses. This process can reduce by 62% the biogas production and indirectly decrease the methane production from the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor. Second, adding 10 mg L^?1 bromochloromethane (BCM) daily into the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor can significantly reduce the amount of biogas and methane produced during the anaerobic fermentation process. Furthermore, biogas production can be completely inhibited after 4 days. Adding BCM (≤10 mg L^?1) to wastewater only slightly affected the efficiency of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process. Results in this study can provide the basis for further research on reduction of the amount of methane produced from anaerobic wastewater treatments.     

Modelling geochemical and microbial consumption of dissolved oxygen after backfilling a high level radiactive waste repository

Dissolved oxygen (DO) left in the voids of buffer and backfill materials of a deep geological high level radioactive waste (HLW) repository could cause canister corrosion. Available data from laboratory and in situ experiments indicate that microbes play a substantial role in controlling redox conditions near a HLW repository. This paper presents the application of a coupled hydro-bio-geochemical model to evaluate geochemical and microbial consumption of DO in bentonite porewater after backfilling of a HLW repository designed according to the Swedish reference concept. In addition to geochemical reactions, the model accounts for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) respiration and methane oxidation. Parameters for microbial processes were derived from calibration of the REX in situ experiment carried out at the Asp? underground laboratory. The role of geochemical and microbial processes in consuming DO is evaluated for several scenarios. Numerical results show that both geochemical and microbial processes are relevant for DO consumption. However, the time needed to consume the DO trapped in the bentonite buffer decreases dramatically from several hundreds of years when only geochemical processes are considered to a few weeks when both geochemical reactions and microbially-mediated DOC respiration and methane oxidation are taken into account simultaneously.     

Assessment of the efficiency and economic viability of various methods of treatment of sanitary landfill leachate

This study assesses the efficiency of various physico-chemical, biological and other tertiary methods for treating leachate. An evaluation study on the treatability of the leachate from methane phase bed (MPB) reactor indicated that at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 6 days, the efficiency of the reactor in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 91.29 and 82.69%, respectively. Recycling of the treated leachate through the municipal solid waste layers in the leachate recycling unit (LRU) resulted in a significant increase in the biodegradation of organics present in the leachate. Optimum BOD and COD removal efficiencies were achieved at the third recycle; additional recycling of the leachate did not produce any significant improvement. Physico-chemical treatment of the leachate demonstrated that alum and lime (Option 2) were more economical than coagulants lime and MgCO₃. A cost analysis of the economics of the various treatments revealed that the alternative treatment consisting of a MPB bed followed by a LRU and aerated lagoon is the most cost-effective treatment. However, the alternative consisting of a MPB followed by the LRU and a soil column, which is slightly more costly, would be the most appropriate treatment when adequate land is readily available.