Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from four tundra ecotopes in Ny-Ålesund of the High Arctic

During the summers of 2008 and 2009, net methane（CH4） and nitrous oxide（N2O） fluxes were investigated from 4 tundra ecotopes： normal lowland tundra（LT）, bird sanctuary tundra（BT）, the tundra in an abandoned coal mine（CT） and the tundra in scientific bases（ST） in Ny-Alesund of the High Arctic. Tundra soils in CT（184.5 ± 40.0 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） and ST（367.6 ± 92.3 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） showed high CH4 emissions due to the effects of human activities, whereas high CH4 uptake or low emission occurred in the soils of LT and BT.The lowland tundra soils（mean,-4.4-4.3 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were weak N2 O sources and even sinks. Bird activity increased N2 O emissions from BT with the mean flux of7.9 μg N2O/（m2·hr）. The mean N2 O fluxes from CT（45.4 ± 10.2 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） and ST（78.8 ± 18.5 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were one order of magnitude higher than those from LT and BT, indicating that human activities significantly increased N2 O emissions from tundra soils. Soil total carbon and water regime were important factors affecting CH4 fluxes from tundra soils. The N2 O fluxes showed a significant positive correlation with ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） contents（r = 0.66, p 〈 0.001） at all the observation sites, indicating that ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） content acted as a strong predictor for N2 O emissions from tundra soils. The CH4 and N2O fluxes did not correspond to the temperature variations of soil at 0-15 cm depths.Overall our results implied that human activities might have greater effects on soil CH4 and N2O emissions than current climate warming in Ny-Alesund, High Arctic.     

太湖水草压榨液的IC处理实验研究

针对太湖水草压榨液高有机物浓度的特点,研究采用消化污泥与颗粒污泥的混合泥接种内循环厌氧反应器（IC）处理太湖水草压榨液。启动初期采取快速提升负荷至4 kg/(m3·d)并长期稳定在该负荷,这种启动方式有利于提高污泥的活性,加速污泥颗粒化。调试历时95 d,逐步提高进水负荷,研究发现IC的最大容积负荷可以达到18 kg/(m3·d),为了能够稳定运行IC反应器,降低容积负荷到15 kg/(m3·d),此时COD的去除率在85%以上。研究表明：运用压榨技术处理太湖水草为今后处理各类水草提供了更多的技术选择,使得处理太湖水草不用局限于固体废物领域,将水草进行压榨能够妥善处理打捞上来的太湖水草,实现水草的减量化。     

煤焦化生产过程甲烷排放初步研究

本研究选取山西省具有代表性的焦化厂,通过在废气排放烟囱上采集燃烧室废气和装煤/出焦废气,初步研究了煤焦化过程甲烷排放特征。结果显示燃烧室废气中CH4占∑(CH4+NMHC)的比例远高于装煤和出焦废气。基于EPA AP-42排放因子的计算方法,煤焦化三个工段的CH4排放因子为228.5±56.1g/t。结合中国机械炼焦炉焦炭产量,2004年中国机械炼焦CH4排放为0.03Tg/a,占中国总CH4排放的0.1%,可能是山西省除煤炭开采外的重要甲烷排放源,该值还需再进一步的工作中完善和验证。