纳米铁对微生物燃料电池启动的影响

设置3组不同阳极底物的微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）：无添加污泥（对照组）、含化学合成零价纳米铁的污泥（c-nZVI组）和含绿色合成零价纳米铁的污泥（g-nZVI组）,拟探究不同来源零价纳米铁（nZVI）对MFC启动的影响。3组MFC经由5个周期启动,实验结果表明,在c-nZVI组和g-nZVI组的启功阶段,高浓度的绿色合成零价纳米铁和化学合成零价纳米铁均对MFC的输出电压产生抑制作用,当MFC成功启动后,零价纳米铁对MFC的输出电压影响不明显。此外,COD去除率、SEM和电化学表征数据表明,绿色合成零价纳米铁相比于化学合成零价纳米铁在电极表面富集程度、对电极表面性质改变以及产电菌活性的抑制作用更弱。     

Pencycuron application to soils: degradation and effect on microbiological parameters

Clay loam soil from agricultural fields of alluvial (AL) soil (typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (typic endoaquept) were investigated for the degradation and effect of pencycuron application at field rate (FR), 2-times FR (2FR) and 10-times FR (10FR) with and without decomposed cow manure (DCM) on soil microbial variables under laboratory conditions. Pencycuron degraded faster in CS soil and in soil amended with DCM. Pencycuron spiking at FR and 2FR resulted in a short-lived (in case of 10FR slightly longer) and transitory toxic effect on soil microbial biomass-C (MBC), ergosterol content and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA). Amendment of DCM did not seem to have any counteractive effect of the toxicity of pencycuron on the microbial variables. The ecophysiological status of the soil microbial communities as expressed by microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) and microbial respiration quotient (Q(R)) changed, but for a short period, indicating pencycuron induced disturbance. The duration of this disturbance was slightly longer at 10FR. Pencycuron was more toxic to the metabolically activated soil microbial populations, specifically the fungi. It is concluded that side effects of pencycuron at 10FR on the microbial variables studied were only short-lived and probably of little ecological significance.     

Effects of compression ratio,swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of CNG–biodiesel in a dual-fuel engine

The diminishing resources and continuously increasing cost of petroleum in association with their alarming pollution levels from diesel engines has led to an interest in finding alternative fuels to diesel. Emission control and engine efficiency are two of the most important parameters in current engine design. The impending introduction of emission standards such as Euro IV and Euro V has forced research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. This paper examines the effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of compressed natural gas (CNG) blended with Honge oil methyl esters (HOME) in a dual fuel engine. The present results show that the combustion of HOME and 15% ethanol blend with CNG induction in a dual-fuel engine operated in optimized parameters at an injection timing of 27° Before Top Dead Centre and a compression ratio of 17.5 resulted in acceptable combustion emissions and improved brake thermal efficiencies. The implementation of swirl augmentation techniques increased brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and considerably reduced combustion emissions such as smoke, HC, CO and NO_x. The addition of ethanol also increased BTEs. However, at more than 15% of ethanol in HOME, NO_x emissions increased dramatically.     

碳布负载的Co3O4纳米片阵列阳极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

微生物燃料电池（MFCs）是一种在处理废水的同时产生电能的新型装置,阳极作为产电微生物富集、电子产生和传递的区域对提高MFCs的性能具有至关重要的作用。以碳布负载的四氧化三钴多孔纳米片阵列(Co₃O₄/CC)作为阳极,探究了可调控的纳米片孔缺陷对MFCs产电性能的影响。结果表明：Co₃O₄/CC阳极的产电性能显著优于碳布,且正比于Co₃O₄纳米片的孔隙率;液固界面处的电荷传递电阻(R_ct)由729.20 Ω降至43.48 Ω,所获得的最大功率密度由1275 mW·m⁻²增加至1547 mW·m⁻²。本研究开发了一种孔结构可控的金属氧化物负载碳布策略,所制备的高性能阳极材料可为MFCs的性能提升提供参考。     

Long-term changes in microbial water quality indicators in a hydro-power plant reservoir: The role of natural factors and socio-economic changes

Long-term changes, from 1984 to 2010, in the indicators of microbial pollution (total viable count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) are analysed in the Riga Hydropower Plant Reservoir, an essential source of drinking water for Riga, the capital of Latvia. Counts in microbial indicators fluctuated seasonally and were related to physicochemical parameters (nitrogen compounds, turbidity, temperature, and pH). The changes in microbial pollution were brought about by two major socio-economic developments. Firstly, Latvia’s independence from the USSR in 1991 which facilitated a distinct reduction in most microorganism counts due to a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. This resulted in a significant drop in point and nonpoint pollution in the river basin. A further development was Latvia joining the European Union in 2004. The corresponding focus on water management, including wastewater treatment, was a major priority of environmental investment and lead to improvements in microbial water quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01470-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

不锈钢纤维毡改性材料的制备及在微生物燃料电池中的应用

为制备一种导电性高、生物相容性良好且耐腐蚀的阳极材料,提高微生物燃料电池(MFC)的产电性能,以不锈钢纤维毡(SSFF)为基底,采用水热反应法制备了还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(RGO/SSFF),并进一步采用粉体烧结法将纳米二氧化钛(TiO₂)负载至RGO/SSFF,制备了二氧化钛/还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(TiO₂/RGO/SSFF),将SSFF(对照)、RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF分别作为MFC的阳极(对应的MFC分别命名为MFC-CK、MFC-RG和MFC-TRG)以探究改性材料对MFC去除水体中耗氧有机物和产电性能的影响。结果表明：与SSFF相比,RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF具有更大的电容(Q为413.9 mF和446.9 mF),更小的界面转移电阻(R_ct为19.65 Ω和18.16 Ω),更高的交换电流密度(i₀为1.56×10⁻⁵ mA和2.07×10⁻⁴ mA);MFC-TRG对水体COD去除速率最高可达929.62 mg·(L·d)⁻¹;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG稳定输出电压分别为245 mV和280 mV,比MFC-CK提高了88.5%和115.4%;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG的功率密度输出分别为 337.50 mW·m⁻²和472.03 mW·m⁻²,比MFC-CK提高了163.9%和233.9%。由此可知,改性后的RGO/SSFF和TiO₂/RGO/SSFF阳极成功提高了MFC的产电性能。该研究结果可为后续MFC阳极改性研究提供参考。     

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

环境污染物的分子毒理机制研究进展

以分子生物学技术为基础研究污染物的毒理机制．从分子水平揭示了污染物毒作用的本质。综述了国内外分子毒理机制的研究进展。详细阐述了毒理芯片、单细胞凝胶电泳等分子生物学技术应用与毒理学研究中的特点、应用前景以及存在的问题。提出了分子毒理机制今后的研究方向。     

DOC removal paradigms in highly humic aquatic ecosystems

Background, aim, and scope  Dissolved humic substances (HS) usually comprise 50–80% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. From a trophic and biogeochemical perspective, HS has been considered to be highly refractory and is supposed to accumulate in the water. The upsurge of the microbial loop paradigm and the studies on HS photo-degradation into labile DOC gave rise to the belief that microbial processing of DOC should sustain aquatic food webs in humic waters. However, this has not been extensively supported by the literature, since most HS and their photo-products are often oxidized by microbes through respiration in most nutrient-poor humic waters. Here, we review basic concepts, classical studies, and recent data on bacterial and photo-degradation of DOC, comparing the rates of these processes in highly humic ecosystems and other aquatic ecosystems. Materials and methods  We based our review on classical and recent findings from the fields of biogeochemistry and microbial ecology, highlighting some odd results from highly humic Brazilian tropical lagoons, which can reach up to 160 mg C L⁻¹. Results and discussion  Highly humic tropical lagoons showed proportionally lower bacterial production rates and higher bacterial respiration rates (i.e., lower bacterial growth efficiency) than other lakes. Zooplankton showed similar δ¹³C to microalgae but not to humic DOC in these highly humic lagoons. Thus, the data reviewed here do not support the microbial loop as an efficient matter transfer pathway in highly humic ecosystems, where it is supposed to play its major role. In addition, we found that some tropical humic ecosystems presented the highest potential DOC photo-chemical mineralization (PM) rates reported in the literature, exceeding up to threefold the rates reported for temperate humic ecosystems. We propose that these atypically high PM rates are the result of a joint effect of the seasonal dynamics of allochthonous humic DOC input to these ecosystems and the high sunlight incidence throughout the year. The sunlight action on DOC is positive to microbial consumption in these highly humic lagoons, but little support is given to the enhancement of bacterial growth efficiency, since the labile photo-chemical products are mostly respired by microbes in the nutrient-poor humic waters. Conclusions  HS may be an important source of energy for aquatic bacteria in humic waters, but it is probably not as important as a substrate to bacterial growth and to aquatic food webs, since HS consumption is mostly channeled through microbial respiration. This especially seems to be the case of humic-rich, nutrient-poor ecosystems, where the microbial loop was supposed to play its major role. Highly humic ecosystems also present the highest PM rates reported in the literature. Finally, light and bacteria can cooperate in order to enhance total carbon degradation in highly humic aquatic ecosystems but with limited effects on aquatic food webs. Recommendations and perspectives  More detailed studies using C- and N-stable isotope techniques and modeling approaches are needed to better understand the actual importance of HS to carbon cycling in highly humic waters.