外加酶强化剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电特性的研究

以剩余污泥作为接种液和基质,探讨了外加酶(中性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶)强化单室型剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电效率的可行性,研究了酶投加量对微生物燃料电池的产电特性及剩余污泥减量的影响.结果表明,在相同条件下,实验组产生的最大功率密度远远高于对照组;当酶的总投加量为10 mg.g-1时,最大输出功率密度及污泥水解效率达到最大,即中性蛋白酶组的最大功率密度、库仑效率、TCOD去除率、TSS去除率、VSS去除率分别为507 mW.m-2、3.98%、88.31%、83.18%、89.03%,而α-淀粉酶组则分别为700 mW.m-2、5.11%、94.09%、98.02%、98.80%.本实验采用向剩余污泥中投加酶的方法,成功增强了微生物燃料电池的产电效率,同时对剩余污泥有效地进行了处理,为微生物燃料电池的实际应用提供了新途径.     

Mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink involved in growth retardation of Vicia faba L. seedlings exposed to lanthanum ions

Effects of mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink on growth of Vicia faba L. seedlings hydroponically cultivated in concentrations of extraneous lanthanum (La) for 20 days were investigated in the present experiment. The results showed that contents of La, Cu or K elements in roots generally changed synchronously with those in leaves, while Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn or P in the roots altered inversely to those in the leaves. Thus, the extraneous La led to redistribution and imbalance of mineral nutrient elements in the roots and leaves. DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate/potassium (SDS/K⁺) precipitation methods, respectively. The results demonstrated that the increasing La induced DNA break and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) in the seedlings. These results suggested that mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were involved in the growth retardation and growth alteration of the seedlings, which may help to understand the mechanisms of rare earth elements (REEs) on plant growth.     

Influence and mechanism of N-(3-oxooxtanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C8-oxo-HSL) on biofilm behaviors at early stage

N-acyl-homoserines quenching, enzymatic quenching of bacterial quorum sensing, has recently applied to mitigate biofilm in membrane bioreactor. However, the effect of AHLs on the behavior of biofilm formation is still sparse. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was formed on ultra-filtration membrane under a series of N-(3-oxooxtanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C₈-oxo-HSL) concentrations. Diffusing C₈-oxo-HSL increased the growth rate of cells on biofilm where the concentration of C₈-oxo-HSL was over 10^-7 g/L. The C₈-oxo-HSL gradient had no observable influence on cell density and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilm with over 10^-7 g/L C₈-oxo-HSL. Surprisingly, 10^-11-10^-8 g/L of C₈-oxo-HSL had no effect on cell growth in liquid culture. The cell analysis demonstrated that the quorum sensing system might enhance the growth of neighboring cells in contact with surfaces into biofilm and may influence the structure and organization of biofilm.     

HPLC-ICPMS对环境样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分析研究

采用动态反应池(Dynamic Reaction Cell,DRC)消除环境样品中碳和氯对铬ICP-MS测定的干扰,实验结果表明O2比CH4能更加有效地消除基体干扰,52Cr更适宜作为铬形态分析的同位素。在优化的DRC条件下2.284μg/L、4.886μg/L和10.579μg/L 3个加标浓度下均具有理想的回收率。进一步采用Pecosphere C8分析柱(3×3),深入研究了流动相组成、pH值及流速对铬形态分离的影响,在1.0 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAH)+0.5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)+1%甲醇流动相组成,pH 6.9和流速1.2 mL/min的色谱条件下可以得到最为理想的分离效果,在10～100μg/L标准浓度范围内,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的线性相关系数均大于0.999 7,建立的方法对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的重复性。最后尝试性地对模拟填埋场和地下水环境下市政污泥在脱水、干化和热解过程中铬形态的环境迁移性进行了研究,为更加准确评价铬元素对生态环境的潜在危害提供参考依据。     

可降解壬基酚的产电假单胞菌LQF-6的分离及其特性研究

从稳定运行以壬基酚为燃料的微生物燃料电池阳极生物膜分离到一株能以壬基酚为唯一碳源生长的产电菌LQF-6。对菌株LQF-6的形态和16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌为假单胞菌。LQF-6以壬基酚为唯一碳源,培养84 h壬基酚降解率为53.80%。差分脉冲伏安测定结果表明,LQF-6分别在-0.088 V和0.272 V出现两个氧化峰。菌株LQF-6接种至微生物燃料电池阳极室,以壬基酚为底物,铁氰化钾为阴极电子受体,外接电阻为1000Ω时,微生物燃料电池最大输出电压达0.17 V,电池最大功率密度为(58.51±2.24)m W/m²。     

微生物燃料电池构造研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)的研究在近几年获得了快速发展.产电微生物在厌氧条件下氧化底物释放电子和质子,电子通过导线传递给阴极,从而在外电路中形成电流,而质子通过质子交换膜进入阴极与电子和氧气结合生成水.微生物燃料电池的研究与应用开发涉及到从微生物、电化学到材料学和环境工程等科学领域的交叉,特别是废水处理能与微生物产电相结合的研究成果,使污水、污泥、垃圾等环境污染物的治理有可能成为生物质能源的生产过程,展示了微生物燃料电池的广泛应用前景.本文着重综述微生物燃料电池在构造上的进展,并介绍了其在水处理中的应用前景.图8参56     

Comparison of Ground Water Bacterial Cell Sizes from the Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Areas of Mysore District, Karnataka State, India

A two-year study on temporal variations in the ground water heterotrophic bacterial cell sizes of free living bacteria(FLB)and particle bound bacteria(PBB)from the agricultural,domestic and industrial areas was carried out from Februar y2005 to January 2007.The overall mean cell length of FLB and PBB was similar in all the ground water studied.However,the season wise grouped data revealed significant seasonal changes in cell length of FLB and PBB,as smaller bacteria were noticed during rainy season in the ground water in agricultural area in both the years,and only in the second year of study in domestic and industrial areas.Generally,it was noticed that there were summer maximum and rainy minimum values of the cell length of PBB in the ground water in agricultural,domestic and industrial areas in the second year of study.The Pearson's correlations showed the presence of 8(in agricultural area),5(in domestic)and 3(in industrial) significant correlations with environmental(Physico-chemical)parameters,respectively.The regression analysis revealed that as much as 12%of variation in the mean length of FL Bwas due to NO3( )in agricultural area and 9%due to total solids( )indomestic area.However,the 8% variation in bacterial cell size of FLB was due to Mg( )in industrial area.Whereas,13%variation in mean length of PBB was due to S04( )in agncultural area and 10%due to total anions of strong acid(TASA)( )in domestic area.Furthermore,10% of variation Was due to PO4( )in industrial area.Thus,the statistical analysis revealed that several environmental variables were potentially responsible for some of the temporal variations in aquatic heterotrophic bacterial cell size,suggesting probably the stressed environment in these ecosystems.     

Human-derived cell lines to study xenobiotic metabolism

In vitro systems make for rapid identification of xenobiotic effects and can be used to study cellular and subcellular toxicity mechanisms. In this report the metabolic competence of two human-derived cell lines, a hepatic (Hep G2) and a pulmonary one (A549) was tested. In the two cell systems the capability to activate Benzo[a]Pyrene through the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and to form reactive metabolites was analysed. ³H-BaP and the scintillation counting analysis were used to show the differences of the metabolic activity in Hep G2 and A549. A similar time course of ³H-BaP uptake was observed in the cell systems. Nevertheless, in the two cell lines the distribution of radioactive metabolites seemed to reflect a specific tissue response to toxicity.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠的微生物降解

从长期受十二烷基苯磺酸钠(sodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate,SDBS)污染的土壤中,筛选到3株对SDBS降解能力很强的细菌,分别为荧光假单胞杆菌(PseudomonasfluorescensP-11)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilussp.B-24)、气单胞菌(Aeromanassp.A-2)。3株细菌均属中温细菌,最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH为7.0,在低浓度SDBS中生长比在高浓度中生长好。在选定的最适条件下,测定了3株菌对SDBS的降解能力,在含40mg/LSDBS的培养基上,于28℃生长72h,SDBS的降解率均超过95%,其中P-11达100%。      

全氟辛酸对斜生栅藻细胞膜特性影响研究(Effect of Perfluorooctane Acid on Cell Membrane Properties of Scenedesmus obliquus)

斜生栅藻暴露于全氟辛酸(PFOA)中,其细胞膜特性可通过不同荧光染料染色的荧光信号变化来反映.应用流式细胞仪检测荧光信号,研究了PFOA对斜生栅藻细胞膜的完整性、选择透过性和膜电位指标的影响效应.实验结果显示,全氟辛酸对表征细胞膜完整性的碘化丙啶(PI)染料荧光强度起到显著刺激作用,栅藻细胞膜受损几率随暴露浓度升高呈现上升趋势;低暴露浓度下栅藻细胞膜选择透过性增强,但在高浓度暴露下这一细胞膜特性受到明显抑制,具体表现为表征酯酶活性的二乙酸荧光素(FDA)荧光强度出现先升后降的变化;与FDA荧光强度变化趋势相反,反映膜电位的碘代3,3’-二己氧基羰花青(DIOC6(3))荧光强度则先降后升,预示高浓度PFOA暴露将导致细胞膜处于异常的生理状态.