Behavioral diversification in a young species flock of pupfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprionodon</Emphasis> spp.): shoaling and aggressive behavior

Increasing empirical and theoretical evidence supports the idea that sympatric speciation is operating, for example, in species flocks comprising several closely related fish species within one lake. Divergent natural selection (promoting spatial and food niche partitioning) and sexual selection (assortative mating) have been identified as key selection factors in intralacustric adaptive radiations. However, the evolution of social behaviors accompanying such adaptive radiations is less well understood. Using a phylogenetically young species flock of pupfish (Cyprinodon spp.) as a model, we examined differences among six sympatric species and compared their shoaling, aggressive, and territorial behaviors with that of a sister species (C. artifrons). Despite an estimated age of the species flock of less than 8,000 years, pronounced behavioral differentiation was found. C. simus, the smallest species in the flock, shoaled more than the other species and was less aggressive and less territorial than C. beltrani. F₁-hybrids between C. simus males and C. beltrani females showed an intermediate expression of shoaling and aggressive behavior. Niche partitioning among the members of this species flock appears to be accompanied by rapid divergent evolution of social behaviors. We discuss the potential role of phenotypic plasticity and within-species variation of social behaviors for such rapid behavioral diversifications in sympatric speciation processes.     

障碍物对天然气喷射火影响的数值模拟研究

为研究障碍物控制天然气喷射火对周围设施危害的有效性,基于流体力学基本原理与湍流模型,采用FDS模拟软件,分别研究高度为10 m的障碍物宽度和障碍物与泄漏孔间距对喷射火的影响。研究得出:障碍物对喷射火阻挡效果明显,减缓了火焰在速度方向的传播;障碍物越宽,控制火焰向前传播的效果越好,障碍物后方受火焰高温和热辐射危害越小,但随着宽度的增加,后方温度和热辐射下降率减小,障碍物宽3 m时,对火焰控制效果最好;随着障碍物与泄漏孔间距增加,障碍物后方热辐射先增加后减小,间距为5 m时,障碍物对火焰的控制效果最好,此时喷射火下游受保护的区域最宽。研究结果可为储气罐发生泄漏火灾事故处置及应急设施设计提供参考。     

Trace elements in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil) determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Trace elements were determined in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, by total reflection Xray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se were determined in fish muscles and organs and in oyster soft tissue. SRTXRF was shown to be a good tool for the analysis of trace elements from biological tissue samples. Overall, the levels of the analysed metals were higher in oysters than in the fish samples. Metals were not uniformly distributed throughout the body of the analysed fish. The detected concentrations of Cr, Zn and Se were very high in some samples, surpassing the maximum limits established by Brazilian legislation.     

非平衡态等离子体技术在环境保护领域的应用

非平衡态等离子体的特点在于通过放电产生的电子温度远远高于系统中其他重粒子的温度。根据这一特点研究了非平衡态等离子体对环境污染物的处理技术;分析了非平衡态等离子与环境污染物的作用过程及其机理;最后探讨了该技术在环境保护领域的应用前景及其存在的问题。      

低功率微波(2450MHZ)辐射对离体人红细胞膜的损伤效应

本文采用２４５０ＭＨｚ低功率微波辐射离体人红细胞,从分子水平研究微波对红细胞膜的影响。选择功率密度为０ｍＷ／ｃｍ２,５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２,１０ｍＷ／ｃｍ２,辐射时间为３０ｍｉｎ,结果显示,１０ｍＷ／ｃｍ２的微波对离体人红细胞有较为明显的损失。表现为红细胞的渗透脆性升高,膜脂流动性下降,膜丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显升高,但红细胞溶血度未增加,红细胞膜ＳＯＤ、红细胞膜ＡｃｈＥ活性和膜蛋白组份的百分含量也未见明显变化     

NiB2O4 (B = Mn or Co) catalysts for NH3-SCR of NOx at low-temperature in microwave field

● Microwave-assisted catalytic NH₃-SCR reaction over spinel oxides is carried out. ● SCR reaction temperature is tremendously lowered in microwave field. ● NO conversion of NiMn₂O₄ is highly up to 90.6% at 70°C under microwave heating. Microwave-assisted selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) was investigated over Ni-based metal oxides. The NiMn₂O₄ and NiCo₂O₄ catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and their activities were evaluated as potential candidate catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR in a microwave field. The physicochemical properties and structures of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂-physisorption, NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD). The results verified that microwave radiation reduced the reaction temperature required for NH₃-SCR compared to conventional heating, which needed less energy. For the NiMn₂O₄ catalyst, the catalytic efficiency exceeded 90% at 70 °C and reached 96.8% at 110 °C in the microwave field. Meanwhile, the NiMn₂O₄ also exhibited excellent low-temperature NH₃-SCR reaction performance under conventional heating conditions, which is due to the high BET specific surface area, more suitable redox property, good NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field and rich acidic sites.     

微波消解-ICP-OES法测定蔬菜中的镉

采用微波消解-ICP-OES法测定蔬菜中的镉,选择了最佳微波消解条件,确定了分析线.方法检出限为0.002 μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.1%,加标回收率为100%～104%,与干灰化法作对照试验,测定结果经t检验无显著差异.     

UV-H2O2工艺对饮用水中 DMP的去除效果和影响因素

采用UV-H2O2工艺对饮用水中内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的去除进行研究,结果表明,单独的UV或H2O2都不能有效氧化去除DMP;而UV-H2O2联用工艺对饮用水中DMP具有很好的去除效果.在原水DMP浓度为5.1496×10-3mmol·l-1(1.0mg·l-1)左右,UV光强133.9μW·cm-2,H2O2投加量20mg·l-1和反应时间60min条件下,DMP的去除率可达到97.8%.探讨了反应速率常数随影响因素变化的规律,其中H2O2浓度、pH值、DMP初始浓度和本底TOC值对该工艺去除DMP的影响较大.     

中国中部高山湖泊记录的小冰期水热配置不同模态

小冰期水热配置模态在中国南北方存在明显差异,敏感响应于气候变化的高山湖泊在小冰期阶段水热变化模式仍缺乏研究。选取中国中部两个高山湖泊——太白山玉皇池与六盘山东海子的沉积物岩心为研究对象,基于总有机碳（TOC）、总有机氮（TN）,碳氮比（C/N）等地球化学指标,并结合已发表的水文数据,重建了东海子和玉皇池近2 ka来的水热变化模态。结果显示：近2 ka气候变化主要受太阳辐射影响,在900 AD之前,两个湖泊区域气候同为冷湿,中世纪暖期（900—1300 AD）转为暖干;在小冰期（1300—1800 AD）时期水热组合不同,东海子降水与温度呈同步下降趋势,主要受控于东亚夏季风,而处于东海子东南方向的玉皇池表现为降水的持续增加,可能受加强的印度季风和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的共同影响。     

北京地区臭氧层损耗、气溶胶污染与紫外辐射的变化

对北京地区臭氧层损耗和气溶胶污染对紫外辐射量变化的影响进行了计算。结果表明,当臭氧总量减少１％－３０％时,ＵＶ－Ｂ对ＤＮＡ危害效应的辐射放大因子（ＲＡＦ）从２．３增加到４．２。城区和乡村环境的气溶胶污染使ＵＶ－Ｂ日辐射总量分别降低４５％和１０％。如是仅考虑臭氧总量的变化,１９８０－１９８９年间ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为１．４％,当考虑气溶胶因素的变化后,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为－０．７％,这与实际观