微波消解ICP-AES法测定废气中铅镉砷

采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定废气中的铅、镉、砷,在优化的试验条件下,方法在0 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,铅、镉、砷的检出限分别为0.250 μg/m3、0.125 μg/m3、0.375 μg/m3(按采样体积400 L、定容体积50 mL计),空白滤筒平行测定6次的RSD为2.3％～10.5％,加标回收率为83％ ～ 112％,与标准方法的测定结果无显著差异.     

西藏地区原野天然γ辐射水平分析

统计分析了2007—2012年的西藏原野天然γ辐射水平监测数据,与原国家环境保护局1989年开展的西藏自治区环境天然放射性水平调查研究的数据进行比较表明,2008—2012年环境连续γ辐射剂量率年均值范围为186.5~190.9 nGy/h,未见异常升高,在正常波动范围内;原野γ辐射剂量率平均值为97.9~134.0 nGy/h,测值范围为51.6~197.7 nGy/h,保持稳定状态;宇宙射线所致居民年辐射剂量为1.29 mSv/a,为内地的5倍左右,但仍属于正常水平。     

无人机载核辐射监测及气溶胶采样系统试验分析

利用旋翼式无人机平台挂载机载式γ谱仪、气溶胶采样器及相关监控设备,在稳定风场下开阔平坦场地,对特征金属颗粒物随炸药爆炸后形成的气溶胶进行空中烟云跟踪取样及巡测,测量环境核辐射水平。结果表明,通过8次爆炸物气溶胶跟踪采样,以及放射性点源探测试验,证实旋翼式无人机空中气溶胶取样及对辐射测量的可行性。     

新型区域γ辐射监测系统

对新型区域γ辐射监测系统的组成和功能进行介绍,详细分析剂量仪、数据收发器和上位机软件的设计。将该系统用于涉核场所核辐射的监测,运行测试结果正常,表明该系统具有功耗低和自组网的特点,能适用于区域γ辐射监测。     

Utilization of UV‐A and UV‐C radiation in advanced oxidation processes with the intention of removing color and organic matter from the gross leachate of a stabilized sanitary landfill

The present work investigated color and biochemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from treated landfill leachate via advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) artificially emitted. The AOP H₂O₂/UV, TiO₂/UV, and photolysis were tested in two bench‐scale photoreactors: The first one with UV‐C lamp and the other with UV‐A lamp associated or not with coagulation / flocculation pretreatment. Crude leachate samples with pH ranging from 8 to 3 were used, and time varied in 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Experiments were performed in two stages: step 1 with a 20 mL volume from each sample and step 2 with repetition of the best results from the previous step, adopting the 150 mL volume. In step 1, the AOP applied in the crude leachate sample showed the best results, standing out H₂O₂/UV‐C with 30 minutes and TiO₂/UV‐A with 60 minutes. In step 2, H₂O₂/UV‐C had a 60% color removal and 25% COD reduction, while TiO₂/UV‐A had a 10% color removal and 20% COD reduction. Therefore, the H₂O₂/UV‐C process was the most efficient, because the complex characteristics of the effluent interfered in the TiO₂/UV‐A efficiency, but it is necessary to eliminate the process interferences. The use of artificial radiation is a viable alternative; however, it can be costly, being relevant in the associations between processes with artificial UV and solar UV, as the natural radiation becomes more attractive and allows the process operating costs reduction.     

Background and anthropogenic radionuclide derived dose rates to freshwater ecosystem: nuclear power plant cooling pond: reference organisms

The radiological assessment of non-human biota to demonstrate protection is now accepted by a number of international and national bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a scientific basis to assess and evaluate exposure of biota to ionizing radiation. Radionuclides from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) were discharged into Lake Druksiai cooling pond. Additional radionuclide migration and recharge to this lake from a hypothetical near-surface, low-level radioactive waste disposal, to be situated 1.5 km from the lake, had been simulated using RESRAD-OFFSITE code. This paper uses ERICA Integrated Approach with associated tools and databases to compare the radiological dose to freshwater reference organisms. Based on these data, it can be concluded that background dose rates to non-human biota in Lake Druksiai far exceed those attributable to anthropogenic radionuclides. With respect the fishery and corresponding annual committed effective human dose as a result of this fish consumption Lake Druksiai continues to be a high-productivity water body with intensive angling and possible commercial fishing.     

Adaptive response in frogs chronically exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation in the environment

Using the micronucleus assay, decreased levels of DNA damage were found after high dose ionizing radiation exposure of liver cells taken from frogs inhabiting a natural environment with above-background levels of ionizing radiation, compared to cells taken from frogs inhabiting background areas. The data obtained from a small number of animals suggest that stress present in the above-background environment could induce an adaptive response to ionizing radiation. This study did not reveal harmful effects of exposure to low levels of radioactivity. On the contrary, stress present in the above-background area may serve to enhance cellular defense mechanisms.     

水质工程用紫外光消毒器的CFD数值模拟

紫外光消毒法是一种重要的污水深度处理方法,消毒器内部辐射强度的分布情况、微生物的停留时间及其运动轨迹对灭菌效果起着至关重要的作用。本文首次在国内系统介绍了采用计算流体动力学(CFD)手段对紫外光消毒器进行数值模拟研究的理论基础和技术路线,指出辐射强度的计算和停留时间的确定是其中的关键。以特定结构的紫外光消毒器为对象,对其内部流场进行了模拟计算,讨论了挡板位置不同所引起的消毒器内部速度场的变化情况;应用离散坐标辐射模型(DO)对紫外光辐射强度分布进行了模拟,同时加入离散粒子模型(DPM)来模拟消毒器内微生物的停留时长和运动轨迹,为最终计算微生物所受紫外光辐射剂量奠定了坚实的基础。     

城市环境中加油站燃爆灾害的安全评估探讨

为了准确计算城市环境中加油站的安全距离并进行安全评估,针对城市中一级加油站蒸汽云爆炸灾害效应开展分析,基于TNT当量法和Roberts点源模型,计算距离加油站不同距离上的爆炸波超压和火球热辐射通量。依据相应的伤害准则,系统评估了灾害效应,并与已有试验数据和规范进行对比验证和分析。研究结果表明,城市一级加油站的爆炸安全距离为37 m,热辐射安全距离为52 m。     

危化品储罐区多灾种耦合效应风险分析

基于危化品储罐区内发生的多米诺效应,以单灾种引发的多米诺事故研究为基础,根据物理学中的触发器原理解释多灾种耦合引发储罐区其他罐体失效的场景,并提出基于物理学理论的多灾种耦合效应模型;基于一储罐区实例分别建立在火灾、爆炸情况下罐区的灾害扩展网络图,并通过无量纲化处理得到综合灾害扩展网络图;分析储罐区在多储罐受灾情况下的灾害扩展情形,得到当D1,D2发生灾害时,D4,D5灾害扩展概率最大;当D1,D8发生灾害时,D4灾害扩展概率最大,建立了多灾种耦合效应的关联图。研究结果对化工园区多灾种耦合的后果预测评估具有指导意义,有助于减少危化品储罐区多米诺效应的发生以及强化危化品储存的安全基础。