Measuring Suspended‐Sediment Concentration and Turbidity in the Middle Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers Using Landsat Data

The Middle Mississippi River (MMR) and lower Missouri River (MOR) provide critical navigation waterways, ecological habitat, and flood conveyance. They are also directly linked to processes affecting geomorphic and ecological conditions in the lower MR and Delta. For this study, a method was developed to measure suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) and turbidity along the MMR and the lower MOR using Landsat imagery. Data from nine United States Geological Survey water‐quality monitoring stations were used to create a model‐development dataset and a model‐validation dataset. Concurrent gaging data were identified for available Landsat images to generate the datasets. Surface‐reflectance filters were developed to eliminate images with cirrus cloud coverage or vessel traffic. Using the filtered model‐development dataset, unique reflectance‐SSC and reflectance‐turbidity models were developed for three Landsat sensors: Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper. Coefficient of determination values for the models ranged from 0.72 to 0.88 for the model‐development dataset. The model‐validation dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the models and had coefficient of determination values ranging from 0.62 to 0.79.     

Prevalence and characteristics of road traffic injuries among young drivers in Oman, 2009–2011

Objectives: Studies from different parts of the world have indicated that the impact of road traffic incidents disproportionally affects young adults. Few known studies have been forthcoming from Arabian Gulf countries. Within Oman, a high proportion of the population is under the age of 20. Coupled with the drastic increase in motorization in recent years, there is a need to understand the state of road safety among young people in Oman. The current research aimed to explore the prevalence and characteristics of road traffic injuries among young drivers aged 17–25 years.

Methods: Crash data from 2009 to 2011 were extracted from the Directorate General of Traffic, Royal Oman Police (ROP) database in Oman. The data were analyzed to explore the impact of road crashes on young people (17–25 years), the characteristics of young driver crashes, and how these differ from older drivers and to identify key predictors of fatalities in young driver crashes.

Results: Overall, young people were overrepresented in injuries and fatalities within the sample time period. Though it is true that many young people in crashes were driving at the time, it was also evident that young people were often victims in a crash caused by someone else. Thus, to reduce the impact of road crashes on young people, there is a need to generally address road safety within Oman. When young drivers were involved in crashes they were predominantly male. The types of crashes these drivers have can be broadly attributed to risk taking and inexperience. Speeding and nighttime driving were the key risk factors for fatalities.

Conclusion: The results highlight the need to address young driver safety in Oman. From these findings, the introduction of a graduated driver licensing system with nighttime driving restrictions could significantly improve young driver safety.     

中小型燃煤锅炉烟气湿法除尘废水中和处理技术评述

介绍了当前应用于中小型燃煤锅炉湿法除尘废水的各种中和处理技术,提出将除尘废水与中和处理与烟气脱硫结合进行的新工艺,为中小型锅炉烟气湿法脱硫除尘和废水循环回用处理提供了依据。     

基于MODIS的长江中游河段悬浮泥沙浓度反演

监测和预报悬浮泥沙浓度的沿程分布和时间变化,无论是对于河流水利工程还是河流生态和环境保护都具有重要意义。卫星遥感反演同步性好、速度快、周期短,可以实时和全面地观测大尺度悬浮泥沙分布。旨在建立基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)影像的长江中游河段悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型, 并利用建立的模型反演2002~2009 年长江中游河段丰水期的悬浮泥沙浓度, 分析其在时间和空间上的变化特征。研究揭示,MODIS Terra 影像红波段与悬浮泥沙浓度具有显著的相关性（R2=0877,n=125,RMSE=4057 mg/L）,可以用于长江中游丰水期悬浮泥沙浓度的反演。长江三峡工程经历三次蓄水,坝下游宜昌至汉口段悬浮泥沙含量显著减少,荆江河段、洞庭湖及城陵矶至武汉江段下降最为显著。洞庭湖来水来沙是长江中游城陵矶以下江段主要的悬浮泥沙来源之一,从预测结果可知,洞庭湖来水在城陵矶汇入长江后与江水混合以至形成数十公里的混合带,至洪湖以下江段逐渐混合均匀     

Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East,North Africa,and Other Arid Regions of the World?

Support for the use of treated gray water as an alternative water resource in the Middle East and North Africa is high, especially given the lack of religious restrictions against its use, but several obstacles have kept application of treated gray water near 1 % in some areas. The largest of obstacles include the cost of treatment and the ambiguity surrounding the health safety of gray water and treated gray water. This paper aims to provide an overview of current gray water practices globally, with specific focus on household-level gray water practices in the Middle East and North Africa region, and highlight the need for cost reduction strategies and epidemiological evidence on the use of household-level gray water and treated gray water. Such actions are likely to increase the application of treated gray water in water-deprived areas of the Middle East and North Africa.     

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE MIDDLE EAST1

ABSTRACT: Water is, and most likely will continue to be, one of the main concerns and potential causes of instability in the Middle East (ME). The contribution of the existing renewable water resources is limited and can not fulfill the long-term projected gap between water supply and demand for most of the countries in the ME. An integrated regional approach for fulfilling this gap was preferred. A regional institutional framework was proposed for the implementation of this integrated regional approach and consists of a regional water board operating through three units for technical, implementation, and management aspects of project and activities. An analysis of the regional water supply and demand development, the design and policy making of the proposed institution, technology and water markets, cooperation, actors and beneficiaries, finances, and expected obstacles and constraints to the establishment and sustainable operation of the proposed institution are included.     

长江中游丘岗农业水资源态势与管理方略

长江中游流域丘岗区水资源能维持生态系统的水量平衡,支持农业的持续发展,但降雨时空分配不均,阻碍农业持续发展。在丘岗农业持续发展的水管理方面应强化工程措施,提高调蓄雨水的能力;广泛实施土地覆被、覆盖、培肥等生态措施;推行节水灌溉技术     

黄河中游城镇化与生态系统服务耦合关系的时空变化

城镇化是影响区域生态安全格局的重要因素,厘清城镇化与生态系统服务之间的关系,可为促进黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展提供决策参考。在分析2000—2018年黄河中游城镇化与生态系统服务时空格局的基础上,采用耦合协调度模型剖析了二者耦合关系的时空变化特征。研究发现：2000—2018年间,黄河中游地区综合城镇化水平提高72.24%,空间分布总体呈“南高北低”、以经济发达县区或城市群为中心向外递减的趋势;粮食生产、水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳服务量均呈增加趋势,且呈不同的空间分布态势;粮食生产、水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳服务与综合城镇化水平的耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,但汾渭平原的耦合协调度普遍较低,而经济发达县区的耦合协调度普遍较高。     

川中丘陵县域土壤氮素空间分布特征及其影响因素

根据四川仁寿县555个表层土壤样点数据,采用地统计学和回归分析方法,对该区土壤全氮和碱解氮的空间变异特征进行分析,并探讨了不同因素对其空间变异的影响程度.结果表明,研究区土壤全氮(TN)含量在0.34~2.57 g·kg-1之间,平均值为1.12 g·kg-1,处于中等水平;碱解氮(AN)含量在25.86~184.17 mg·kg-1范围内,平均值为74.35 mg·kg-1,处于较缺乏水平.土壤TN和AN的块金效应分别为0.608和0.790,TN具有中等空间相关性,受结构因素与随机因素共同影响,而AN则主要受随机因素影响.空间上,TN和碱解氮均表现出北高南低趋势.成土母质可独立解释6.3%和1.0%的TN和AN空间变异;土壤类型对研究区TN和AN的空间变异的独立解释能力分别在26.5%~36.1%和27.7%~28.7%之间;地形条件对TN、AN空间变异的独立解释能力分别为5.5%、6.1%;土地利用方式对TN、AN空间变异的独立解释能力分别为37.7%、40.0%.土地利用方式对氮素空间变异的独立解释能力最高,是引起研究区土壤氮素空间变异最主要的因素.     

长江中游江西江段(上段)防洪干堤基础环境地质问题浅析

江西连年来发生水患灾害，在全国属较为严重的省份之一。在每年汛期（4～8月）为水患灾害发生的高峰期。长江中游江西江段是江西防洪的 主要地带，近年来由于该段防洪干堤经第一、第二期修堤工程，坝体稳固，虽然1998年、1999年长江大水没有造成溃堤，但潜在的水患地质灾害仍是非常严重。作者通过对野外实地进行调查，访问，对防洪干堤隐伏的工程地质问题进行了初步分析。