拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明：各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。     

中国大河流域开发与国家文明发育

水是生命之源。大河流域既是地球淡水资源的关键载体,也是人类文明发育的主要摇篮。作为世界文明古国和现代发展中大国,中国的情况更是如此。长期的实践表明,大河流域的开发具有明显的生态效应极化特征:即在人文生态系统获取快速发育的同时,严重干扰和破坏了流域自然生态的系统发育及其多样化的发展。流域开发的程度越高,这种极化效应的特征也就越明显。论文的实证分析表明,由于缺乏流域开发生态效应的正确认识和过分追求人文发展利益发育最大化,黄河和长江两大流域的资源环境承载能力正在面临着日趋严峻的挑战。例如,河水断流、水质污染、湿地萎缩和水生物种消亡。为国家现代文明的永续发展计,亟需改变目前传统的"重开发、轻保护"大河流域资源环境开发观。     

宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be约束贵州涟江流域沉积物埋藏历史

贵州喀斯特地区位于青藏高原向丘陵地貌转换过渡带,区内发育多级层状地貌面,是研究区域构造-气候-剥蚀耦合作用的天然实验场。本文测定了贵州省惠水县境内涟江I级阶地沉积物中原位宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be和²⁶Al浓度,通过暴露-埋藏模型对沉积物埋藏历史和物源进行研究。与前人研究结果相比,涟江流域单核素剥蚀速率（¹⁰Be平均剥蚀速率为10.85±0.97 m/Ma）显著低于贵州高原其他流域。结合双核素暴露-埋藏模型,研究结果表明更新世以来沉积物样品可能经历了复杂暴露-埋藏-再暴露过程,其物源可能是异地埋藏或洞穴堆积等非稳态剥蚀区。宇宙成因核素对²⁶Al-¹⁰Be联用能有效判别非稳态剥蚀过程,弥补了单核素不能表征沉积物埋藏历史的不足。     

城市感潮河流溶解氧收支及调控的模拟研究

城市感潮河段受径流、潮汐动力及流域排污等多重影响,易引发河道缺氧现象.通过建立潭江(开平段)二维水动力水质模型,并采用拉格朗日粒子示踪、情景分析等手段,研究水流输运、生化反应过程对溶解氧的影响,进而探索提升关键断面溶解氧浓度的调控策略.结果表明：(1)潭江干流上游水团输送比支流镇海水更快,且同等增量下,潭江干流流量变化对下游影响更大;但对潭江干流开平市区下游新美断面污染贡献中,镇海水对其总磷(TP)污染贡献较大,而新昌水对其总氮(TN)污染贡献较大;(2)新美断面、镇海水的娄冈断面及新昌水的公义断面均为耗氧断面;水体有机物耗氧是本区域溶解氧消耗的主要过程,占总消耗的64.4%,其次为底泥耗氧,占总消耗的32.5%;水体中氧气的主要来源为浮游植物的光合作用,占比约64.6%;(3)增加上游流量、下移城区排口位置或削减上游临近城区污染源均可提高下游溶解氧浓度;与镇海水相比,提高潭江干流流量的效果更为明显;下移城区排口位置虽有效果但可操作性较弱.     

Biotransformations of Chlorophenols in River Sediments

Abstract

The accumulation of chlorophenols, including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), from river sediments from southern Taiwan were studied. Through simple or more exhaustive extractions, the results showed that 99% of the samples containing 2,4,6-TCP and PCP could be removed by simple extraction. the concentrations were found to range from non-detectable to 16.60 ngg¹ for 2,4,6-TCP and to 25.02 ngg¹ for PCP. Partition coefficients (K_p) were 0.71, 0.74 mlg¹ for 2,4,6-TCP, 1.35 and 1.41 mlg¹ for PCP. Biodegradation by DCP-adapted or unadapted anaerobes in sediment was carried out. During 21 days' incubation, the complete degradation time for 2,4,6-TCP in DCP-adapted anaerobic, unadapted anaerobic, and unadapted aerobic conditions were found to be 9, 10, 12 days for N3 sediment, and 8, 10, 11 days for N6 sediment, respectively; for PCP it was 19 days, without degradation, 14 days for N3 sediment, and 13, 17, 10 days for N6 sediment, respectively. the biodegradable products were identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 3,4,5-TCP, 3,5-DCP, 3-MCP, phenol, methylphenol, and benzoate for PCP, and 2,4-DCP, 4-MCP, phenol, methylphenol, and benzoate for 2,4,6-TCP.     

Combined Effects of Climate Change and Bank Stabilization on Shallow Water Habitats of Chinook Salmon

Significant challenges remain in the ability to estimate habitat change under the combined effects of natural variability, climate change, and human activity. We examined anticipated effects on shallow water over low‐sloped beaches to these combined effects in the lower Willamette River, Oregon, an area highly altered by development. A proposal to stabilize some shoreline with large rocks (riprap) would alter shallow water areas, an important habitat for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and would be subject to U.S. Endangered Species Act‐mandated oversight. In the mainstem, subyearling Chinook salmon appear to preferentially occupy these areas, which fluctuate with river stages. We estimated effects with a geospatial model and projections of future river flows. Recent (1999–2009) median river stages during peak subyearling occupancy (April–June) maximized beach shallow water area in the lower mainstem. Upstream shallow water area was maximized at lower river stages than have occurred recently. Higher river stages in April–June, resulting from increased flows predicted for the 2080s, decreased beach shallow water area 17–32%. On the basis of projected 2080s flows, more than 15% of beach shallow water area was displaced by the riprap. Beach shallow water area lost to riprap represented up to 1.6% of the total from the mouth to 12.9 km upstream. Reductions in shallow water area could restrict salmon feeding, resting, and refuge from predators and potentially reduce opportunities for the expression of the full range of life‐history strategies. Although climate change analyses provided useful information, detailed analyses are prohibitive at the project scale for the multitude of small projects reviewed annually. The benefits of our approach to resource managers include a wider geographic context for reviewing similar small projects in concert with climate change, an approach to analyze cumulative effects of similar actions, and estimation of the actions’ long‐term effects. Efectos Combinados del Cambio Climático y la Estabilización de Bordes de Ríos Hábitats de Aguas Poco Profundas del Salmón Chinook     

Toward participatory decision-making in river corridor management: two case studies from the European Alps

River managers are aware that river restoration entails addressing and effectively solving wicked social-ecological problems. Contemporary river corridor management is characterized by a variety of actors with different perspectives and interests, and by complex institutional settings and legal landscapes. Additionally, at the intersection between litho-, hydro-, and biological fields, new research suggests that river restoration should reactivate matter and energy fluxes, re-establish spatial connections with the floodplains, and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats without exacerbating flood risk. First, we outline a general structure of participatory river corridor management that addresses the following key requirements: (1) unambiguous, participatory spatial delineation of the river corridor; (2) comprehensive assessment of the river corridor's hydro-geomorphological, ecological, socio-economic and cultural processes; (3) transparency and consistency of the decision-making process; as well as (4) a coherent envisioning process. Subsequently, we present an overview of two river corridor management processes, conducted in South Tyrol, Italy. Specifically, we analysed the Etsch/Adige River corridor between Laas/Lasa and Glurns/Glorenza in the Upper Vinschgau/Venosta valley characterized by intense agricultural land use and the densely populated Eisack/Isarco River corridor in Brixen/Bressanone. Based on structured interviews with project managers, we highlight strengths and shortcomings of the proposed participatory management and envisage procedural improvements.     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

河湖水系连通分类体系探讨

河湖水系连通是保障国家水安全的治水新方略,科学的分类体系是开展河湖水系连通研究和生产实践的必然要求。论文结合河湖水系连通特点和内涵,提出五项分类原则:科学性、系统性、主导性、区域性和可操作性。综合考虑河湖水系连通的自然属性和经济社会属性,遵循五项分类原则,从连通性质、连通功能、连通区域、连通尺度、连通对象、连通时效、空间格局和连通方向等方面进行分类,初步构建了河湖水系连通分类体系,并对国内典型案例进行了归类;选择基于连通性质的分类、基于连通功能的分类和基于地区水资源特征的分类等三个主要分类展开分析,探讨了三种类型的连通特性、连通目标等主要问题。     

东江流域土壤、植被和悬浮物的碳、氮同位素组成

碳、氮同位素值对监测流域植被组成、环境变迁是一种非常有效的指标,为中短时间尺度环境变化研究提供了一条新的途径。以亚热带山区的东江流域为例,以流域内的植被、土壤及水体悬浮物为研究对象,应用其有机质同位素组成（δ13C、δ15N）,揭示流域植被的成分和环境变化的信息。研究发现：东江流域土壤碳同位素、C/N比值差值不大;植被的氮同位素差值明显,C/N比值差异较大。对东江流域悬浮物δ13C值近20年的监测表明：其值在早期逐年升高,近10年来转趋稳定并呈明显下降趋势,变化范围在-17.8‰～-26.1‰之间,反映了该流域植被破坏和恢复的过程以及土壤侵蚀状况的变化趋势。