Data Management Dimensions of Social Water Science: The iUTAH Experience

Integrating social and hydrologic sciences for understanding water systems is challenged by data management complexities. Contemporary mandates for open science and data sharing necessitate better understanding of the implications of social science data types. In the context of an interdisciplinary water research program that endeavors to integrate and share social science and biophysical data, we highlight the array of data types and issues associated with social water science. We present a multi‐dimensional classification of social water science data that provides insight into data management considerations for each data type. Recommendations for cyberinfrastructure, planning, and policy are offered.     

大数据在环境技术进步中的应用

我国环境污染日益严重,政府加大环境保护力度势在必行,科学、有效的环境管理对保护环境、提高环境质量起着重要的作用。环境技术进步是环境管理有效且持久的驱动力,但是,环境技术进步的测度方法一直未能实现普适性。本文首先综述了技术进步对改善环境质量的重要性,在此基础上,阐述了各学者对技术进步和偏向型技术进步测量方法的探究。然后介绍了大数据在环境管理中的应用,在其应用经验的基础上,将其引入环境技术测度领域。大数据在该领域的应用为环境偏向型技术进步的测度提供了新的契机,同时,大数据的应用也增加了研究的困难性。最后,基于偏向型技术进步之间的矛盾,提出最优环境技术的理念。通过利用大数据,可以合理测度偏向型技术进步,实现生产偏向型技术进步和环境偏向型技术进步的合理配比,找出可以兼顾高产出和低污染物排放量的最优偏向型技术进步模式。并进一步结合各区域的差异性和关联性,能够测算出区域最优偏向型技术进步模式,找到有效的环境管理方式,为环境管理者与政策制定者提供合理参考。     

美国化学物质数据报告制度的经验和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)中现有化学物质数据报告(CDR)制度的历史背景。介绍了CDR制度的基本内容、数据质量保证、主要修订情况,以及2012年CDR上报的化学物质数据信息汇总分析情况。针对2016年开展的新一轮CDR数据报告,总结了其最新的变化和具体要求。从建立化学物质信息收集制度、对现有化学物质进行分级管理、重点关注化学物质用途划分和归类,以及建立数据库和信息系统等4个方面,探讨了CDR制度对我国化学品环境管理的启示。     

Wind energy and natural ventilation potential of a wind catcher in Yazd – Iran (a long-term measurement)

When designing energy efficient buildings it is useful to study existing climate—responsive building typologies. The wind towers or wind-catchers of Yazd city in Iran are typical examples of such a typology. Although many previous studies have investigated the performance of various types of wind catcher systems, studies based on a long-term real-life measurement can be rarely found. In this study a long-term whole year monitoring campaign on an existing full scale four sided wind catcher in Yazd was carried out in 2014–2015. Three prevailing wind directions were identified and the measured on-site wind speeds were used to estimate the wind induced natural ventilation potential of the tower. A shaft/tower airflow performance index was developed. The monitoring results were compared to the ASHRAE Standard 62:2001 ventilation rate requirement. Results show that the total ventilation rate of the wind tower surpasses the ASHRAE Standard requirements. Furthermore it shows that the shafts are exposed to the prevailing wind directions perform better. For more effective natural ventilation a wind tower with adaptable openings/shafts are proposed.     

LCA中清单分析数据的获得

清单分析是ＬＣＡ继目标界定后的一步重要操作,工业量极大,本文从我国具体情况出发,开发了一套获取产品ＬＣＡ清单数据的方法,介绍了通过行业污染系数获取产品的社会数据以及借助企业生产的质量流程图收集和检验企业数据的具体步骤。     

全球气候变化的研究与进展

论述了全球气候变化的研究目标、方法、主要科学问题及近10年来国内外的研究进展和存在的主要问题。指出中国是全球的一个组成部分,又是人类活动最为强烈的地区之一,在全球气候变化、特别是人类活动诱发的气候变化的研究中占有十分重要的地位。建议大力加强全球气候变化的研究,增加研究经费的投入,积极参与国际科学合作,把当前较为分散的研究有效地组织到一些有前景的、能出高水平成果的课题上去,为全球气候变化研究做更大的贡献。     

随机性混合数据评价技术的方法研究

在城市和环境规划等方案评价中,如何综合利用定性和定量信息是人们较为关注的问题。本文首先将方案评价中常见的定性信息分为三大类,并用数学式来描述各类定性信息,在此基础上,运用随机处理的方法对定性信息进行处理后与定量信息进行综合,以求得各个方案的优劣排序概率,并由此概率确定最优方案。这种方法克服了以往同类方法只能利用定性信息中的排序信息的缺点,从而使得方案评价更客观。最后,本文给出了方法应用的实例。     

Norwegian Meteorological Institute’s real-time dispersion model snap (Severe Nuclear Accident Program): Runs for ETEX and ATMES II experiments with different meteorological input

The Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) has developed and implemented for operational use a real-time dispersion model Severe Nuclear Accident Program (SNAP) with capability for predicting concentrations and depositions of the radioactive debris from large accidental releases. SNAP has been closely linked to DNMI’s operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.How good are these predictions? Participation in ETEX has partly answered this question. DNMI used SNAP with LAM50S giving meteorological input for these real-time dispersion calculations. LAM50S Limited Area Model with 50 km grid squareswas DNMI’s operational NWP model in 1994 when ETEX took place.In this article we report on how SNAP performed in the first of the ETEX releases in near-real-time mode, using LAM50S—and in hindcast mode for ATMES II, using “ECMWF 1995: ETEX Data set (ATMES II)”as meteorological input data. These two input data sets came from NWP models with quite different characteristics but with similar resolution in time and space.The results from these dispersion simulations matched closely. Deviations early in the simulation period shrank to insignificant differences later on. Since both input data sets were based on “weather analysis” and had similar resolution in space and time, SNAP described the dispersion of the released material very similar in these two simulations.     

长白山北坡林线处岳桦年轮年表及其与气候的关系

运用相关函数及响应分析等树木年轮气候学方法,研究了长白山北坡林线处岳桦(Betula ermanii)径向生长及其与气候的关系.结果表明,林线处岳桦年轮宽度年表具有较强的气候敏感性.其径向生长与上年7月和当年3月的温度显著负相关(P<0.05),与上年9月和当年7月的温度显著正相关;同时与上年6月降水量显著正相关.与季节性气候因子的响应分析表明,岳桦径向生长与当年春季(1～3月)和当年生长季前(4、5月)的平均温度呈显著负相关,与当年生长季前的平均最高温度显著正相关,与降水量的相关关系不显著.利用多元逐步回归方法模拟了岳桦年轮宽度指数与气候因子间的关系,并据此预测在温度和降水增加的背景下,林线处岳桦径向生长将降低14.8%.     

Addressing data challenges in riverine nutrient load modeling of an intensively managed agro-industrial watershed

Data limitations often challenge the reliability of water quality models, especially in intensively managed watersheds. While numerous studies report successful hydrological model setup and calibration, few have addressed in detail the data challenges for multisite and multivariable model calibration to an intensively managed watershed. In this study, we address some of these challenges based on our reflective experience calibrating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to the Upper Sangamon River Watershed in central Illinois based on daily flow, annual crop yield, and monthly sediment, nitrate, and total phosphorus loads. We highlight some challenges in SWAT calibration processes due to data errors and inconsistencies, and insufficient precipitation and water quality observations. Following, we demonstrate the merits of additional weather and water quality observations that could help reduce input uncertainties, and we provide suggestions for selecting appropriate observations for the model calibration. After dealing with the data issues, we show that the SWAT model could be calibrated with acceptable results for the case study watershed.