秦皇岛市生态农业模式分析

本文根据秦皇岛市的地理条件,气候资源和土壤资源,分析了该地区的农业生产总环境和自然经济条件,提出了因地制宜,合理利用各地的自然资源,建立科学合理又相近相趋的生态农业模式和实施方案。     

我国固体废弃物监管模式建设对策初探

我国固体废弃物的产生量在迅速增加,成为制约社会经济持续发展的瓶颈问题。通过研究与固废相关的国际公约,比较发达国家之间不同的固废监管模式,并指出我国现行的监管模式存在责任不当、职责不清等问题。在借鉴发达国家先进经验基础上,提出我国可借助《巴塞尔公约》等国际公约来约束固废的跨界转移,从源头开始控制固废的产生,并控制固体废物的转移运输,加强固废监管能力建设,健全法律体系,加强监管协调,采用市场手段、宣传手段,让社会企业参与政府部门的固废管理和组织工作,把固废回收、处理的责任从政府转移到具体的企业上,降低处理成本,提高处理技术。     

综合型工业园生态化模式探讨

依照产业生态学原理,循着生态工业园发展的道路,是我国工业园发展的目标。但如何将已有的综合型工业园建成生态工业园,是一个新课题。本文界定了综合型工业园的概念,分析了综合型工业园的特征,就产业链构建和管理,探讨了综合型工业园生态化的模式。     

关于我国“循环经济发展模式”的探讨

我国目前处于经济飞速发展时期,加之我国幅员辽阔、人口众多、社会生产力尚不发达以及农村城市经济水平不均衡等众多特殊因素的存在,导致我国现阶段存在较为严重的能源和环境问题,为实现我国的可持续发展、建设循环经济,在借鉴世界发达国家的相关经验的同时,应努力寻求符合我国国情的循环型经济的发展模式。     

东北自然保护区压力威胁影响因子及趋势

论文运用世界自然保护区委员会(WCPA)和世界自然基金会(WWF)推荐的自然保护区管理快速评估和优先性确定方法(RAPPAM),对东北地区部分自然保护区面临的压力和威胁及其发展趋势进行了调查分析。结果显示,在保护区所面临的14种威胁因子中,火灾、林木砍伐、偷猎、非林木产品采集(NTFP)、旅游、放牧6个因子的影响范围较广、影响程度较高、影响时间较长,是保护区应重点控制的威胁因子。因此,今后的保护区管理应加强对火灾、林木砍伐和非木质林产品采集等因素的监控,同时通过制定相关政策、采取适当措施有效控制并减少保护区生态旅游对保护对象产生的负面影响,提高保护区管理的有效性。     

对中国“新三大地带”旅游业发展方向分析——基于灰色局势决策理论

中国区域经济受海洋和国际市场影响较大,距海岸线远近反映与世界市场距离远近和交通的便利程度,由此决定中国区域经济发展水平由东向西逐步递减的基本趋势。依据2008年《中国旅游统计年鉴》及2007年各省(区、市)统计公报,采用灰色局势决策方法对我国宏观区域经济"新三大地带"旅游业发展优势进行局势决策分析,确定发展方向,以期为"新三大地带"旅游业发展和生产力布局提供一定的科学依据。     

Toxicity of 58 substituted anilines and phenols to algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and bacteria Vibrio fischeri: comparison with published data and QSARs

A congeneric set of 58 substituted anilines and phenols was tested using the 72-h algal growth inhibition assay with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and 15-min Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition assay. The set contained molecules substituted with one, two or three groups chosen from -chloro, -methyl or -ethyl. For 48 compounds there was no REACH-compatible algal toxicity data available before. The experimentally obtained EC50 values (mg L⁻¹) for algae ranged from 1.43 (3,4,5-trichloroaniline) to 197 (phenol) and for V. fischeri from 0.37 (2,3,5-trichlorophenol) to 491 (aniline). Only five of the tested 58 chemicals showed inhibitory effect to algae at concentrations >100 mg L⁻¹, i.e. could be classified as “not harmful”, 32 chemicals as “harmful” (10-100 mg L⁻¹) and 21 as “toxic” (1-10 mg L⁻¹). The occupied para-position tended to increase toxicity whereas most of the ortho-substituted congeners were the least toxic. As a rule, the higher the number of substituents the higher the hydrophobicity and toxicity. However, in case of both assays, the compounds of similar hydrophobicity showed up to 30-fold different toxicities. There were also assay/organism dependent tendencies: phenols were more toxic than anilines in the V. fischeri assay but not in the algal test. The comparison of the experimental toxicity data to the data available from the literature as well as to QSAR predictions showed that toxicity of phenols to algae can be modeled based on hydrophobicity, whereas the toxicity of anilines to algae as well as toxicity of both anilines and phenols to V. fischeri depended on other characteristics in addition to logK_ow.     

碳氮比对悬浮填料生物反应器氮去除效果的影响

文章研究了C/N对悬浮填料生物反应器脱氮效果的影响。出水中NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N浓度以及pH值变化均受C/N的影响,实验得到的最佳C/N质量比为12∶1,TN去除率平均在85%。     

Use of the antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) in Italy: verification of the effects of ambient ozone on crop plants and trees and investigation of EDU's mode of action

Twenty-four experiments where EDU was used to protect plants from ozone (O₃) in Italy are reviewed. Doses of 150 and 450 ppm EDU at 2-3 week intervals were successfully applied to alleviate O₃-caused visible injury and growth reductions in crop and forest species respectively. EDU was mainly applied as soil drench to crops and by stem injection or infusion into trees. Visible injury was delayed and reduced but not completely. In investigations on mode of action, EDU was quickly (<2 h) uptaken and translocated to the leaf apoplast where it persisted long (>8 days), as it cannot move via phloem. EDU did not enter cells, suggesting it does not directly affect cell metabolism. EDU delayed senescence, did not affect photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen content, and stimulated antioxidant responses to O₃ exposure. Preliminary results suggest developing an effective soil application method for forest trees is warranted.     

Effluent impact assessment using microarray-based analysis in common carp: a systems toxicology approach

Effluents are a main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants to the aquatic environment, and can cause ecotoxicological effects at different levels of biological organization. Since gene expression responses represent the primary interaction site between environmental contaminants and biota, they provide essential clues to understand how chemical exposure can affect organismal health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the applicability of a microarray approach for unraveling modes of action of whole effluent toxicity and impact assessment. A chronic toxicity test with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was conducted where fish were exposed to a control and 100% effluent for 21 days under flow-through conditions. Microarray analysis revealed that effluent treatment mainly affected molecular pathways associated with the energy balance of the fish, including changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as digestive enzyme activity. These gene expression responses were in clear agreement with, and provided additional mechanistic information on various cellular and higher level effects observed for the same effluent. Our results demonstrate the benefit of toxicogenomic tools in a “systems toxicology” approach, involving the integration of adverse effects of chemicals and stressors across multiple levels of biological complexity.